APPENDIX. 187 
successive 15 c.c, chloroform, and after separation these were drawn 
off in turn and mixed. The mixed chloroformic solutions were 
then shaken up with four successive small portions of acidulated 
water, by which means all the alkaloid was taken out, together 
with the mother-liquor included in the chloroform magma, and 
the latter separated out clear. The acid solutions were mixed and 
made alkaline, and the alkaloids again shaken out with three 
successive portions of chloroform, The latter were es off and 
mixed and the process repeated (usually five or six times) until a 
point was reached where the alkaloidal solution became almost colour- 
less, and a perfectly clear chloroformic solution was obtained. 
When this point had been attained, the alkaloids were once more 
extracted with acidulated water, the latter solution made alkaline, 
the alkaloids again taken out with chloroform, the chloroformie 
solution shaken with ammoniated water, and after separation drawn 
off and evaporated and the residue dried at 100° and weighed. The 
loss of alkaloid by this process is very slight, and there is no waste 
of chloroform, the same portion being employed all the way through 
for shaking out the alkaloids, a fresh quantity being ased only for 
the final extraction of the pure alkaloid. The process, however, was 
a very long and tedious one, each fotinnatiom occupying four or five 
hours. 
The following modification was found to give reliable results, and 
to shorten materially the time occupied by each estimation :-— 
The chloroform magma is introduced into a separating funnel and 
shaken vigorously, when, as a rule, about half the chloroform 
separates out and can be run off. To the remaining emulsion 5 c.c. 
of 90 per cent. alcohol is added and the whole well shaken and then 
allowed to stand, when a perfect separation into two layers takes 
place, the lower layer consisting of chloroform and alcohol, and the 
upper layer of a brown alkaline aqueous liquid. The whole of the 
alkal aloid is taken out by the chloroform. The latter is drawn off and 
