PREFACE 
Of the 110,000 nautical miles planned for the seventh 
cruise of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie 
Institution of Washington, nearly one-half had beencom- 
pieted upon her arrival at Apia, November 28, 1929. The 
extensive program of observation in terrestrial magnet- 
ism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography, 
physical oceanography, mérine biology, and marine me- 
teorology was being carried out in virtually every detail. 
Practical techniques and instrumental appliances for 
oceanographic work on a sailing vessel had been most 
successfully developed by Captain J. P. Ault, master and 
chief of the scientific personnel, and his colleagues. The 
high standards established under the energetic and re- 
sourceful leadership of Dr. Louis A. Bauer and his co- 
workers were maintained, and the achievements which 
had marked the previous work of the Carnegie extended. 
But this cruise was tragically the last of the seven 
great adventures represented by the world cruises of the 
vessel. Early in the afternoon of November 29, 1929, 
while she was in the harbor at Apia completing the stor- 
age of 2000 gallons of gasoline, there was ar explosion 
as a result of which Captain Ault and cabin boy Anthony 
Kolar lost their lives, five officers and seamen were in- 
jured, and the vessel with all her equipment was de- 
stroyed. 
In 376 days at sea nearly 45,000 nautical miles had 
been covered (see map p. 145). In addition to the ex- 
tensive magnetic and atmospheric-electric observations, 
a great number of data and marine collections had been 
obtained in the fields of chemistry, physics, and biology, 
including bottom samples and depth determinations. 
These observations were made at 162 stations, at an av- 
erage distance apart of 300 nautical miles. The distri- 
bution of these stations is shown in map, _ which deline- 
ates also the course followed by the vessel frorh Wash- 
ington, May 1, 1928, to Apia, November 28, 1929. At 
each station, salinities and temperatures were obtained 
at depths of 0, 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 
1000, 1500, etc., meters, down to the bottom or toa max- 
imum of 6900 meters, and complete physical and chemi- 
cal determinations were made. Biological samples to 
the number of 1014 were obtained both by net and by 
pump, usually at 0, 50, and 100 meters. Numerous phys- 
ical and chemical data were obtained at the surface. 
Sonic depths were determined at 1500 points and bottom 
samples were obtained at 87 points. Since, inaccordance 
with the established policy of the Department of Terres- 
trial Magnetism, all observational data and materials 
were forwarded regularly to Washington from each port 
of call, the records of only one observation were lost 
with the ship, namely, a depth determination on the short 
leg from Pago Pago and Apia. 
The compilations of, and reports on, the scientific 
results obtained during this last cruise of the Carnegie 
are being published under the classifications Physical 
Oceanography, Chemical Oceanography, Meteorology, 
and Biology, in a series numbered, under each subject I, 
II, Ill, etc. 
A general account of the expedition has been prepared 
and published by J. Harland Paul, ship’s surgeon and ob- 
and contains a brief chapter on the previous cruises of 
the Carnegie, a description of the vessel and her equip- 
ment, and a full narrative of the cruise (Baltimore, Wil- 
liams and Wilkins Company, 1932; xiii + 331 pages with 
iii 
198 illustrations). 
The preparations for, and the realization of, the pro- 
gram would have been impossible without the generous 
cooperation, expert advice, and contributions of special 
equipment and books received on all sides from inter- 
ested organizations and investigators both in America 
and in Europe. Among these, the Carnegie Institution of 
Washington is indebted to the following: the United States 
Navy Department, including particularly its Hydrographic 
Office and Naval Research Laboratory; the Signal Corps 
and the Air Corps of the War Department; the National 
Museum, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Weather Bureau, 
the Coast Guard, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey; the 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of 
California; the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Har- 
vard University; the School of Geography of Clark Uni- 
versity; the American Radio Relay League; the Geopiys- 
ical Institute, Bergen, Norway; the Marine Biological 
Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, Engiand; 
the German Atlantic Expedition of the Meteor, Institut 
fur Meereskunde, Berlin, Germany; the British Admiral- 
ty, London, England; the Carlsberg Laboratorium, Bu- 
reau International pour 1’ Exploration de la Mer, and 
Laboratoire Hydrographique, Copenhagen, Denmark; and 
many others. Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, now Director of the 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of 
California, at La Jolla, California, who was then a Re- 
search Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- 
ton at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen, Norway, was 
consulting oceanographer and physicist. 
In summarizing an enterprise such as the magnetic, 
electric, and oceanographic surveys of the Carnegie and 
of her predecessor the Galilen, which covered a quar- 
ter of a century, and which required cooperative effort 
and unselfish interest on the part of many skilled scien- 
tists, it is impossible to allocate full and appropriate 
credit. Captain W. J. Peters laid the broad foundation of 
the work during the early cruises of both vessels, and 
Captain J. P. Ault, who had had the good fortune to serve 
under him, continued and developed that which Captain 
Peters had so well begun. The original plan of the work 
was envisioned by L. A. Bauer, the first Director of the 
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institu- 
tion of Washington; the development of suitable methods 
and apparatus was the result of the painstaking efforts of 
his co-workers at Washington. Truly, as was stated by 
Captain Ault in an address during the commemorative 
exercies held on board the Carnegie in San Francisco, 
August 26, 1929, ‘““The story of individual endeavor and 
enterprise, of invention and accomplishment, cannot be 
told.”’ 
On the last cruise of the Carnegie, meteorological 
observations formed an important part of the work. In 
formulating the program in meteorology, the Department 
was privileged by the consultation, advice, and guidance 
of Chiei C. F. Marvin of the United States Weather Bur- 
eau and various members of his staff, by Professor C.F. 
Brooks, Director of the Blue Hill Meteorological Obser- 
vatory, and by Dr. H. U. Sverdrup of the Geophysical 
Institute of Norway at Bergen, also associated with the 
Carnegie Institution of Washington as Research Associ- 
ate. Dr. Sverdrup gave additional constructive counsel 
during the visit to Hamburg, Germany, of the Carnegie 
early in the cruise. At Hamburg additional meteorologi- 
cal equipment was installed with the help and advice of 
