MISC ELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 59 
Table 75. 
Fog reports, Carnegie, 1928-29--Concluded 






ann 
He Latitude uaneline 
Character of fog 


1928 h m ; °c 5c 
June 1 07 00 50 05 N 1315 W 13 13 Passing banks light to moderately dense 
June 4 12 00 S016N 1205 W 12 13 Moderately dense banks 
Aug. 1 18 00 5813N 4004 W 10.0 11.0 Light and in short banks 
ee ae 18 00 3712S 10355 W 18.0 17.5 Light narrow banks 
July 5 23 00 43 10N 15702E 10.9 10.1 Dense mist to light fog 
July 8 15 15 4659N 163 27E 7.5 7.0 Dense mist to light fog 
July 9 24 00 4711 N 16753 E 8.0 7.5 Light 
July 12 09 10 45 11N 17253 E 9.5 8.0 Moderately thick 
July 12 23 25 4548N 173 35 E 9.5 8.8 Thick 
July 13 23 30 4714N 17605E 10.1 8.3 Moderately thick 
July 14 19 00 4825N 17935E 10.0 8.5 Light 
July 14 23 00 4952N 174 37W Bail 8.2 Light 
July 15 09 50 5027N 17251 W 10.0 8.7 Light 
July 17 23 00 592 34N 15845 W 9.5 9.5 Moderate 
July 18 11 45 52 34N 155 41 W 10.5 10.0 Light 
July 28 12 50 3752N 12251 W 14.0 12.0 Very thick 
SUMMARY 
One of the principal objectives of the seventh cruise 
of the Carnegie was to obtain exact meteorological in- 
formation from some of the rarely visited areas of the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. For example, from some 
parts of the South Pacific --an area approximating that 
of the United States -- the United States Weather Bureau 
a few years ago was receiving but one vessel report per 
year per 3,000,000 square miles. Observations made on 
vessels such as the Carnegie, therefore, bulk largem the 
total scientific knowledge of these parts of the earth’s 
surface. As stated by Brooks [41, p. 195]: 
“Since there is no prospect for fixed observations 
Over vast stretches of ocean, our knowledge of ocean 
climatology must be built up by continuing to collect 
weather data here and there over the oceans wherever 
and as often as scientific vessels can be sent.... It is 
periectly true that observations made with a moving ob- 
Servatory can do no more than note a sample of the cli- 
mate of each spot passed over. And it is also obvious 
that unless such samples are recorded now, more next 
time, and more another time as the vessel passes that 
Way, we shall never have enough of the samples on which 
to base a general idea of the annual course or ranges of 
the climatic elements. Each series of samples in itself 
does not have the value that a corresponding series of 
depth determinations enjoys, it is true. But that is the 
nature of what is being observed and does not indicate 
that this unexcelled opportunity for observing shall not 
be embraced to the utmost.” 
From this viewpoint surely the seventh cruise of the 
Carnegie was important and successful. At the same 
time it is felt by the writers that the climatological as- 
pects of the cruise are quite secondary when compared 
with the valuable information gained through the several 
particular meteorological investigations which were 
made. Though these findings were only incidental, and 
their circumstances more casual than deliberate, they 
are none the less important. The writers have been at 
pains to cali attention in the text to the unusual, the 
problematical, and the erroneous rather than the usual 
and expected results. These latter data may be obtained 
from the tables and figures. 
Specifically, these Carnegie results show the need 
for increasing the accuracy of air-temperature meas- 
urements on board ship, and at the same time they il- 
lustrate several possible methods for accomplishing this 
end. In addition, the results demonsirate (1) the need 
for additional studies of wet- and dry-bulb lapse rates 
between deck and masthead, (2) the need for further in- 
vestigations into the relations between sea-suriace and 
air temperatures and humidity, (3) the practical diffi- 
culties in conducting evaporation studies at sea with 
present-day equipment, (4) the necessity for improve- 
ment in the dependability of hydrometeorograph equip- 
ment, (5) the need for accurate wind, precipitation, and 
psychrometric observations, and (6) the fallacy in rec- 
ords of the noon observations according to Greenwich 
meridian time. It is to be hoped that future scientific 
expeditions to remoie parts of the oceans will undertake 
such programs and profit by the experiences andresults 
which have been set forth in these few chapters. 
It is unfortunate that much of the Carnegie meteoro- 
logical data are in such form that they do not lend them- 
selves to interpretation, and that they cannot, therefore, 
be embodied in specialized studies. It is only through 
the study of such material as this, however, that we can 
gain a knowledge of the difficulties of collecting meteor- 
ological data at sea and further expeditions are therefore 
to be encouraged. 
It is to be specifically recommended to future expe- 
ditions of this type that they: 
i. Be equipped with two or more sets of equipment 
for measuring and recording air temperature and hu- 
midity, to be mounted on opposite sides of the vessel. 
Only by following such a procedure will it be possible to 
correct these records for overheating and undercooling 
of the thermal elements. 
2. Record the noon observations at local mean noon 
