156 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA. 
The tortoise brand seen from above is shown in fig. 5, where 
the curved processes in front and behind represent the four legs ; 
the total length was about a foot and the inside width across the 
centre 4} inches. 
poulia) 
CS 
Fic. 5.—TortToiszt BRAND, 
As with all individual handiwork the same pattern is probably 
seldom or never exactly repeated, so that there are innumerable 
variants, one of which is shown in figs. 6 and 7. 
Below the ibba mark in fig. 6 and separated from it, there 
is the semblance of a bo-tree (Ficus religiosa). The bull from 

Fic. 6.—SIDE VIEW OF BRANDMARKS OF Fig. 7.—TortToisE BRAND 
ANOTHER BULL. FROM ABOVE. 
which these sketches (figs. 6 and 7) were taken was accompanied by 
another in the same cart which had not received the tortoise brand. 
In a variant of the type shown in figs. 4 and 5 only the loop of 
the rena remained as a lateral appendage of the zbba, the rest of the 
