15 
therefore, cannot differ from the parents in other respects than those, which 
may be produced by their being "brought up” in another sea. Not only 
does this become a necessary consequence, but all our cod must be brothers 
and sisters; it must be impossible to point out different races of them in 
our seas. 
We seem here to have come to a result, which is at variance with 
many well known facts and with the views of many authors on this point. 
G. Winther, for instance, writes in his Prodromus: "That the cod, in spite 
of its seeming swimming-power, is a fish that is but little migratory, is seen 
from its many local varieties, and from the difference there may be in 
regard to plumpness, taste, and appearance between codfish that are caught 
at places situated near to one another, but very different with respect to 
natural conditions and animal life”. Nevertheless he maintains that there 
is but one species of cod with local varieties. — H. Krøyer also speaks of 
different varieties, but he does not seem to be disinclined, for that reason, 
to believe in the longer migrations of the cod; and he was a man who had 
much opportunity to study the cod, both here and in Norway, though, cer- 
taimly, only on land. — Of later accounts of the varieties of the cod, may 
be mentioned those of Dannevig, m Norway. He maintains, with great 
force, against the above mentioned investigators Hjort and Dahl, that the 
cod is a very local fish; for he can distinguish clearly between local races 
among them. Till quite lately there has thus been, and is, dissension in 
this matter, and this dissension has led to rather a sharp controversy, be- 
cause it is a matter of great practical interest. For, if the cod in the Danish 
or the Norwegian fjords is stationary — and it must be so, if we can point 
out racial characters, which it keeps through its whole life — then the 
fishery legislation must be changed accordingly, and a careful protection 
together with artificial hatching must be introduced in these fjords. But, 
if the cod is not stationary, the hatching is of course meaningless, unless 
we will try to carry it on, on such a large scale that the whole North Sea 
and, if possible, the Norwegian North Atlantic too, may be expected to profit 
by it — and this, of course, is practically impossible. In Norway Dannevig 
has now for several years carried on hatching on rather a large scale, and 
it will be understood that he has at the same time done all to ascertain the 
occurrence of local races of cod. The characters on which he thinks here 
more especially to be able to take his stand, are the differences in colour 
among the cod. It is a well known fact that the cod, on a bottom which 
is overgrown with reddish plants, can be quite red or yellowish red, so that 
it approaches in colour very much to a red burnt tile; but if the bottom, 
even at quite a short distance, has another colour, greyish or greenish, the 
cod that are caught here, are greyish or greenish. If, therefore, cod which 
have once become red, cannot become grey or greenish when they change 
their dwelling-place, they must be very local indeed, and long migrations, 
