NOTES. 219 
Section A. ‘(i.) Diagonal bands commencing 
on segments 8 and 10 
mainly brown and meeting 
in the dorsal middle line.. P. mooreanus (fig. 1). 
(ii.) Diagonal bands commenc- 
ing on segments 8 and 10 
mainly white ; not meeting 
in dorsal middle line .. P. parinda (fig. 2). 
Section B. (i.) Caudal tubercles white, 
much reduced .. P. polytes (fig. 3). 
(ii.) Caudal tubercles brown ; 
size moderate .. P.demoleus (fig. 4). 
By ‘caudal tubercles”? are meant the projecting points found 
in most Papilio larvee on each side of the posterior portion of the 
terminal segment. When young the larva usually has two pairs 
of caudal tubercles; as it grows older the anterior pair are often 
lost, and even the terminal pair may become much reduced, as in 
polytes. ‘ 
Young larve of polytes and demoleus are extremely hard to 
separate, and the following distinctions must not be too implicitly 
relied upon. When newly hatched, polytes is usually yellowish- 
brown, with an irregular yellow dorsal line; demoleus is blackish- 
brown, with a yellow ‘‘ saddle ’’ limited to segments 7,8, 9. These 
differences, however, only apply when both larve are in their first 
skin ; they soon change, and polytes then resembles demoleus in the 
characters enumerated above. 
After the first moult the caudal tubercles show good distinctive 
characters; during the second skin there are two pairs of tubercles, 
of which the terminal pair are grayish-white, or white in polytes 
and brown in demoleus ; in the third skin the anterior pair of tubercles 
degenerates, but the posterior remain, and are always white in 
polytes and brown in demoleus. After the third change of skin the 
larvee attain their final scheme of colouration, and may then be 
easily known by the characters given in the key ; in addition it may 
be mentioned that in demoleus the ‘‘ ocellus ”’ mark on segment 4 is 
connected by a brown line with the dark area surrounding the legs ; 
in polytes there is no such connection. 
The young stages of parinda and helenus have not been sufficiently 
studied to give distinctive characters ; after the second moult, 
however, parinda is easily known by the absence of dark markings 
and the presence of minute blue spots, especially on segments 4 
and 5. At all stages both species are larger than either polytes or 
demoleus, if the comparison is made when the larve are in the 
same skin. . 
Pupal distinctions, as well as general descriptions, of the larve 
can be found in various papers by Davidson, Bell, and Aitken in the 
