(s. B. DAWSON] THE VOYAGES OF THE CABOTS 197 



Eichard Eden, who was a personal friend and was with Cabot in his last 

 illness, knew this map, and translated one of the legends in a work pub- 

 lished two years before Cabot died."^ Then, in Hakluyt's "Divers Yoy- 

 " ages," published in 1582, there is a map by Michael Lok with the inscrip- 

 tion, "J. Gabot, 1497," upon Cape Breton, and in Hakluyt's "Western 

 " Planting," written in 1584, but published in print for the first time a few 

 years ago, this map of Cabot's, identified by its legends, is referred to in 

 detail. All these maps were of Clement Adams's edition, and Michael Lok, 

 who in some important points followed Verazzano's map, must have got his 

 Cape Breton landfall from Clement Adams's copy of the Cabot map ; and 

 it is worthy of remark here that Lok has placed the island of St. John 

 off Cape Breton and in the Atlantic. Here, then, we have the plainest 

 evidence that in 1544 and in 1582 the landfall was placed at Cape Breton 

 by Cabot himself, and by people Avho had his maps before them, and, 

 arguing from Lok's map, one might assume that upon the copy he fol- 

 lowed not only was the landfall at Cape Breton, but the island of St. John 

 was off the point and in the Atlantic. 



It has been shown why Cabot could not print a map in Spain, and 

 why the maps made in Spain of necessity were made to the official Sj^an- 

 ish pattern. Mr. Harrisse has an elaborate theory to prove Sebastian 

 Cabot lied when he placed the landfall at Cape Breton, and now I may 

 be permitted, in reply, to develop a remark in my first paper and to for- 

 mulate at greater length a theoiy that, in this matter, Cabot was neither 

 a liar nor a traitor. 



It has been shown in the previous pages that Spain did lay claim to 

 the whole of the new world up to the line of demarcation, and that the 

 king, by the attempts made, as well as by the engagement of Sebastian 

 Cabot, meditated taking possession at the north. It was the special know- 

 ledge of Baccalaos which Ferdinand stood in need of, for Ayala informed 

 him that the land Cabot had discovered adjoined the land belonging to 

 Spain under the convention with Portugal. Cabot had, therefore, found 

 land close to the line agreed upon in the treaty of Tordesillas. and the 

 king would take possession of it. 



But in the meantime long and heated discussions arose between 

 the two courts in consequence of Magellan's discoveries in the far 

 east, and commission after commission had vainly tried to determine the 

 longitude of the Moluccas. The struggle was keen ; for, as the line of 

 demarcation passed through the poles, any land gained in the west would 

 be lost in the east. Experts were examined, and the pilots falsified the 

 maps exhibited in the interest of their respective nations, so that the 

 Portuguese refused to accept the Spanish charts altogether, and this 

 struggle was going on when Eobert Thorne, in 1527, wrote to the Eng- 

 lish ambassador, for he describes it at length. There was no way of 

 nscertaining the longitudes of the places in dispute, and it resulted in the 



