S24 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



This slnirp division into types is nuturall}" most distinct in the earliei- 

 maps ; in the later ones, with increasing care in their preparation, a more 

 critical spirit in their making, freer commvinication, and a nearer 

 a]ii)roach to accuracy in the raajjs themselves, the distinctness of the 

 types steadily diminishes until it gradually merges over into a sj'Stem of 

 continuous improvement. These principles are very clearly shown in the 

 maps of New Brunswick, as will presently appear. 



While, as a rule, the intermediates are less accurate than the types, 

 and contain nothing not upon them, there are at times exceptions. There 

 may be a survey of some special feature, a single river, or a line of coast, 

 giving rise to sub-types. A map-maker may obtain from sailors a bit of 

 information which the explorer did not have. Thus, on Homem's map of 

 1558, the Bay of Fundy is fairly well shown, and very ditfe rent 1}' from th& 

 Eibero type which Homem followed, but such cases are rare and gener- 

 all}^ fail to affect others of the intermediate maps. It is, of course, true, 

 that the actual knowledge of the geography of a country is much greatei"- 

 than shown by the maps, for not only do the maps lag behind exploration 

 in time, but fishermen, traders, missionaries, etc., have much geographical 

 knowledge which never gets upon the maps. Thus, in his Narrative of 

 his Voyage of 1603, Champlain describes the Bay of Fundy and refers to 

 the St. John river, though there was then no map which showed the latter. 

 Again, between 1675 and 1700 numerous seigniorial grants were made 

 along the St. John by the French government, and the accuracy with 

 which the bounds of these are described, shows that the authorities at 

 Quebec possessed a knowledge of the St. John liver far more minute and, 

 accurate than any map known to us would imply. Again, many of the- 

 intermediates did not show fully the knowledge accessible to their makers. 

 Thus, the Delisle map of 1703 follows very closely the Franquelin map of 

 1686, but it does not give a tenth of the names nor half of the fairly 

 accurate topogi-ajîhy of the latter, and for the reason that the scale was- 

 too small for more to be shown. To this very day the lumbermen and 

 hunters have a knowledge of the interior of New Bi'unswick far more 

 minute and accurate than is expressed on au}^ map. But such knowledge is 

 scattered and inaccessible, and of little use to the map-maker, it is- 

 altogether probable that this personal knowledge of the countrj', inde- 

 pendent of maps, explains the persistence of old names which have never- 

 occurred on, or have di8ap})eared from the maps. Thus the old French 

 names about Passamaquoddy, Delate, Let it e, are not found u])on any majis- 

 prior to English occupation, and it is probable that they were preserved 

 through their use by pilots from New England, who visited this region 

 continuously from early times, and passed along their nomenclature con- 

 tinuously from one to another. AVe have, probably, another example ot" 

 this in the name Saint Tooley, applied to a cape just east of Quaco ; it does- 

 not occur uj)on any chart, but is universally used by Die sailors and by 



