326 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



boundary disputes result in u great abundance of maps of which many- 

 are based upon new surve3's ; and about regions to which public atten- 

 tion is in any way called, the map-makers exert themselves to obtain the- 

 most accurate information. 



PART ir. 



Systematic CARTOciRAPHY of î^ew Brunswick. 



The influences which have determined the evolution of the carto- 

 graphy of ^ew Brunswick are in brief the following : First of all is its geo- 

 graphical position, its outline, and its physiographic contour. No part 

 of its coast is exposed to the eastern ocean, for Nova Scotia lies before its 

 southern coast, and its northern is within the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and 

 of the gulf coast, a part is covered by Prince Edward Island. Our north 

 shore is nearer to Europe than is our southern. In the interior are 

 everywhere interlocking rivers navigable for canoes, one of which, the 

 St. John, forms tlie natural highway from countries on the east to coun- 

 tries on the west. Corresponding with these geographic lacts we find 

 that the gulf coast north of Prince Edward Island, was the first part to- 

 be laid down on the maps ; the Bay of Fundy came next, the St. John 

 next, then the gulf coast inside the island, and finally the other and less 

 important rivers. Further details of the relations of the physical 

 geography of New Brunswick to the progress of its cartographical 

 development, will be found in the proper connection later. Next come 

 the historical causes at work. In 1497 and 1498 Cabot explored a part 

 of the east coast, and for the first time placed on the maps a country of 

 which New Brunswick was at first an entirely undifferentiated part. And 

 so it remained despite many other explorations which showed the outer 

 eastern coasts in considerable detail, until Cartier came in 1534. This 

 tj'pe we may call the P re-differentiation type. Cartier, on his first voy- 

 age, laid down our North Shore north of Prince Edward Island, but no 

 other explorer came to this coast and none to the Bay of Fundy until 

 Champlain in 1604, so that for all this time there persisted the Cartier 

 type. Cham])lain explored the Bay of Fundy, and for the first time 

 placed it distinctly on the maps, and laid down the general course of the 

 St. John, and later he correctly showed the north coast inside of Prince 

 Edward Island. The type he gave, the Champlain type, persisted 

 nearly a centur3^ But after him came many traders, and especially 

 missionary priests, who explored the interior and made maps which they 

 sent home to France ; and in 1680 an official voyage of inspection was 

 made through the country by the Intendant. AU of these accumulated 

 data for another type, showing the interior, and this first api)eared in a 

 published map in that of Delisle, of 1703. giving us the Delisle type^ 



