[ganong] cartography OF NEW BRUNSWICK 365 



most sur])vising; accuracy, a« is that of the Nepisiguit. There is, however. 

 a great error in the u])per part of the St. John, and one which power- 

 full}^ influenced all maps for over a century. The Tobique, néyoott, i»- 

 shown correctly at its head, with a double branch, one heading with thfr 

 Little Southwest Mii-amichi (Mtotoo), and another now called Nictor, head- 

 ing with the Nepisiguit (compare Fig. 20, modern map Fig. 1), and the 

 accuracyof these headings, even to the correct number of the lakes and 

 the portage (oniguen) is wonderfully correct. But just below the forks of 

 the Tobique the river is made to flow into Lac Medaooasca (Temiscouata), 

 a most unaccountable error, but one which, as we shall see, strongly in- 

 fluenced the maps of the next hundred years. Had this map been pub- 

 lished and generally accessible, it would, of course, have formed a distinct 

 type in our cartography, but no trace of it appears in any printed map- 

 until that of Delisle of 1703, which, being accessible and copj^able, there- 

 fore became the type. 



Franquelin was a map-maker of great skill and immense productive- 

 ness, but fiir less known than he deserves to be, principally for the reason 

 that few of his maps were published. Properly he established our fourth, 

 type, though its publication by Delisle makes it necessary to refer to it by 

 liis name. Franquelin, according to Marcel (Catalogue), was appointed 

 hj'drographer of France in 1686, and probably died in 1697, though there 

 is a map by him dated 1708. His map of 1684, and several others of his, 

 so important for other parts of North America, is of little importance for 

 Acadia, which is laid down very erroneously on it. But his 1686 map, to 

 Avhich I have so fully referred, gave him new data, which are fully used 

 in his map of 1708. This map differs somewhat from that of 1686, as in 

 the omission of L. Madawaska, the use of Chichiegoui for Cheminpic, and 

 the presence at the mouth of the St. John of Fort la Tour on the east 

 side of the river, and on the west, F. Martinnon. The latter is. of course,^ 

 for Sieur Martignon, who received a large seigniorial grant on the west 

 side of the mouth of the river in 1676. Marcel (Catalogue, No. 279) 

 speaks of this as a " Eéduction de la Carte de l(i82," which, however, for 

 Acadia it is not. 



Of other manuscript maps after Franquelin-De Meulles, there are but 

 two that I kncjw of. One is a map of New England, already reproduced 

 in these Transactions (IX., ii., 70), dated 1680, but certainly belonging- 

 later (16S5 ?) Its topography on the upj^er river recalls that of Franquelin. 

 but is simpler, and it, or itsoriginal, is followed b}' Moll, 1715'. Another 

 is that of Guillaume de Eozier of 1699, Avhich, while very erroneous as ta 

 the lower river, has the upper part and the St. Croix and Magaguadavie 

 remarkably well drawn, far better indeed than any other map until a 

 hundred years later, but it was not followed by any other that I have seen. 



1 Le Clercq's Carte généralle of 1692, on too small a scale to be of iiim li use. 

 marks the Recollect Missions of Miscou and La Valiere. 



