[ganong] cartography Ul' NEW BRUNSWICK 383 



protitablo for us to atteai])t to work through all of tliesc iiuijis, of which 

 a list has been published, first in Gallatin's "Eight of the United States 

 of America to the Northeastern Boundar}' claimed hy them." (Boston, 

 New York, 1840, p. 76,) and reprinted with many additions in 'State- 

 ment on the part of the United States of the case referred to the King 

 of the Netherlands." This list is not complete for the jieriod it covers, 

 and its length will show how prolitic in maps was that time.^ 



A very important phase of the cartography of this and the next 

 period is its relation to the whole question of the boundary between New 

 Brunswick and Maine. But this is a voluminous subject with a large 

 literature of its own, and I do not here treat of it, partly because justice 

 could not be done it in the space at my disposal, but especially because 

 I hope to treat the whole question of the evolution of New Brunswick 

 Boundaries in à future memoir of this series.- The subject is considered 



' See, also, "Winsor, Maps of North America, 1703-178H. America, VII., 182. 



-As this subject of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick is much 

 misunderstood, and consequently misrepresented, by my fellow-countrymen in New 

 Brunswick, I wish to express here the opinion to which I have been led by not a little 

 study of this question extending over several years. The American claim, it will be 

 remembered, was that the due north line fi-om the source of the St. Croix should 

 cross the St. John above Grand Falls (not stopping at the river), and continue north 

 until it reached the highlands separating rivers falling into the St. Lawrence from 

 those flowing south, which would bring it within a few miles of the St. Lawrence, and 

 that all west of that line and south of the watershed, belonged to them. In my opin- 

 ion the Americans were entirely correct in their claim that the treaty meant to award 

 them this territory. Though the words of the treaty describe as the north-west angle 

 of Nova Scotia a spot which actually does not exist, nevertheless it is plain enough 

 that the old boundary between Nova Scotia and Massachusetts was intended by the 

 treaty to be the International boundary. Now, excluding old French maps which do 

 not bear on the question, upon dozens of maps, I believe upon all without exception, 

 between 1763 and 1783, (See Figs. 36 and 38), whether made by Englishmen or anybody 

 «Ise, the boundary between Nova Scotia and Massachusetts ran north to those high- 

 lands near the St. Lawrence ; and, moreover, that separation between the provinces 

 was explicitly stated in a royal proclamation and commission of 1763. I know of 

 maps made in England at the close of the Revolution, even as late as 1783, which 

 make the boundary run north to those highlands. Moreover, at first the American 

 claim was admitted without question by as great a jurist and typical Loyalist as 

 the elder Ward Chipman, as shown by an original document in my possession, which 

 I have acquired through the kindness of Rev. W. O. Raymond. It was only after 

 1783 that a different claim was set up by Great Britain. I am unable to doubt that 

 it was entix'ely tlie intention of th? commissioners who made the Treaty of Peace in 

 1783, that the old boundary running north to the highlands was to form here the 

 International boundary. To suppose that the commissioners had any other intention 

 in using the words they did, is to ask us to believe that these words conceal a cipher. 

 Why the British Commissioners should have allowed this old boundary to stand, 

 thus forever permitting a wedge of foreign teiritory to extend into British America, 

 cutting off" communication between its eastern and western parts, is an entirely 

 separate question, the solution of which does not in the least degree affect the fact 

 that they did that very thing. Perhaps they were too anxious to keep old boundaries 

 as far as possible— possil)ly that wedge seemed too trifling an aflair to be worth 

 wi'anglin^ï over, in comparison with the numerous inmiense interests they had to 

 consider ; perhaps they were outgeneralled. At all events it seems to me the blame 



