[ganong] cartography OF NEW BRUNSWICK 385 



TYPE No. (.'.-THK MODEEN TYPE. 



From the Surveys op Morris, AYreght, DesBarres, about 1770 



TO Bonnor, 1820. 



A period with its beginning in the preceding, but in particular beginning 

 loith the accurate coast surveys of Morris, HJ^O, Wright, 1772, DesBarres, 

 1776-1781, and Wright, 1790, which together covered the entire coast ; of 

 the interior, the St. John, from its importance as the winter road to Quebec 

 ivas first laid down by Morris and others; the remainder of the interior east of 

 it, found to be inaccurately mapped, was for a time abandoned altogether, and 

 the maps left blank; the Eestigouche later added from a special survey; the 

 more accessible parts mapped by provincial surveyors in connection with surveys 

 for settling the New England and Loyalist immigrants. These results brought 

 together for the first time on a large-scale map showing New Bnmswi/'k alone ^ 

 by Bonnor, 1820. 



To understand this period, it is iirst necessary to (letine Avhat is 

 meant by the word surveys used in this connection. Surveys of one 

 kind were made from the time of Cartier, but up until the hist century 

 the explorers made such hasty visits that they could do little more than 

 use their ships' compasses for general directions, and the log and dead- 

 reckoning for distances. More exact surveys, and those which define 

 this period, could only begin with determinations for latitude and lono-i- 

 tude, and with the use of proper compasses on shore for determinino- 

 angles with exactness. Morris, in 1749, took at Mill (Grindstone) Island 

 the first accurate determination for latitude and longitude in New 

 Brunswick, and the second was by the '' Thetis ' in Bay Verte in 1753, and 

 later there were others, and of course in this century they have been 

 very numerous.' The taking of exact angles on shore seems to me to 

 have begun with Morris, whose surveys of 1749 are in general so accurate 

 that the}" could hardly otherwise have been made ; and, without ques- 

 tion, the surveys of Passamaquoddy, by Mitchel in 1764, were thus made, 

 as his field-book shows. Of course, the surveys hy Wright and DesBarres 

 from 17fiS onwards were thus made, though I do not know how they 

 obtained distances so accurately. Triangulation is the only method of 

 obtaining distances accurately by sea, but it could hardly have been used 

 by them. Triangulation has of coui-se been used in the Admiralty sur- 

 veys in this century, and the results of some of the triangulations made 

 by the United States Coast Surve}'- about Passamaquoddy are accessible 

 in their published reports. The only triangulation of the interior that I 

 know of is that by Captain Owen, from St. John to Spi'inghill, in 1841-48. 



1 The most complete list that I know of is in a table on Wilkinson's map of 185'J. 



Sec. II., 1897. 22. 



