[ganong] cartography OF NEW BRUiNSWICK 387 



at least one ])ublislied map, that in PowiiulTs '• Topognipliical Desci'ij)- 

 tion " of 17*7(), where the ba}^ is for the first time well laid down, and 

 Lake Utopia, which Mitchel had visited, is also shown, though without 

 name. His map is, perhaps, the origiiuil of this region in Solzman"sMap 

 of Maine, 1798. Morris's survey of the same hiiy the next year resulted 

 in a map which I have not seen. 



While considering Passamaquoddy we may as well trace it farther. 

 We come next to the tine survey b}' Wright, represented b}' a splendid 

 MS. map in the British Museum, dated 1772. This survey, as the title 

 of the map tells us, was made " agreeably to the Orders and Instructions 

 of the Eight Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Planta- 

 tions, to Samuel Holland, Esq., Surveyor-General of Lands for the 

 Northern District of North America. By his Dei)uty, Mr. Thomas 

 Wright, " It shows the coast from Passamaquoddy to St. John, and is 

 drawn so accurately and in such detail that the survey must have been 

 made with far greater care than any which had preceded it anj'where 

 in New Brunswick. Two careful determinations for latitude were made, 

 the entrance of St. John harbour (45° 18' 28"), and the North Wolf 

 {45° 00' 19"). Most of its many names persist, though some have dis- 

 appeared, and altogether it is one of the most important maps in our 

 cartogra])hy. A copy of this, probably, forms the map of Passama- 

 quoddy, showing pre Loyalist grants preserved in the Crown Land office. 

 This map undoubtedly formed the basis of the maps of DesBarres 

 which immediatel}' followed, and these, too, are of the greatest impor- 

 tance to our subject. Wright subsequently became Survej^or-General of 

 the Island of St. John, and Holland Surveyor-General of Quebec. It is 

 singular how fortunate Passamaquoddy has always been in the matter of 

 surveys. It has been surveyed earlier, oftener and better than any other 

 part of the pi'ovince, excepting onh* St. John harbour, for which, no 

 <loubt, it has chiefly to thank its geograjihical jiosition. 



We come now to the great work of DesIJarres. J. V. W. I)es]:>arres 

 is a not unimportant figure in the history of both New Brunswick and 

 Nova Scotia. Born in 1722, he lived to the age of 102 years." In the 

 introduction to "The Atlantic Neptune'" he tells us how his surveys 

 began : 



•• In the year 170o the Board of Admiralty, convinced of the many 

 advantages that would accrue to the public from a thorough knowledge 

 of the province [_i.e., Nova Scotia], engaged J. F. W. Les Barres to make 

 exact surve^-s and charts of its coasts and harbours, and directed the 

 several commanders-in-chief of the fleet in America to as.sist him with 

 vessels and boats for taking soundings, tents for encamping on the shores, 

 men, provisions, etc. In the survey the best instruments were employed, 

 and work was alwa^'s confirmed by celestial observations. 



1 For important matter on DesBarres see Bourinot, Cape Breton, 248-249 ; also, 

 Morgan, Bihliotheca Canadensis. 



