[ganong] peat bogs OF NEW BRUNSWICK 147 



The clay bottom is 12 to 14 fee! below the suii'uee. ht'tween D jiiid (I. 



Height of highest purt above wet strip at H. 5 ft. !) in. 



Seeli/'s Cove bog. Height of M above water of brook. 17 ft. 4 in. 

 (Fig. •}). 

 Height of M above wet strip at P., 7 ft. 4 in. 

 Height of li above water of brook at S, 13ft. 'A^ in. 

 Height of R above wet strip at T, 8 ft. 7 in. 



Mr. Todd has told me that levels on the Spruce Lake bog have made 

 its height 12 feet above the margin. 



As the real height of the raised bog must be considered to be its 

 height above the point at which it is flowing out over a level margin, 

 and as this condition is found at the point A in tig. 2, we may take its 

 height to be about 13 feet. 



I have not been able to tind very satisfactory data about the height 

 of the raised part of the Eviropean Hochmoore. The figures of Sendtner 

 (15) of 25 Bavarian feet (= about the same as our.s), and of Senft (16) 

 of 37 feet, must be too great. Christ (4) sa3^s of the Swiss moors, that 

 " their cross-section makes a convex line, of which the centre can be iip 

 to 4 metres (13 feet) higher than its edge." Fischer-Benzon (5. p. 6) 

 gives a total height of C)h to 7^ metres for one ; but this, probably, includes 

 some flat bog. The meaning of the heights, and of seasonal and daily vari- 

 ations in them, will presently be discussed. 



In depth, the bogs vary greatly in difterent parts. By the courtesy of 

 Mr. W. F. Todd, owner of the Spruce Lake bog, two of his men were 

 placed for a day at my disposal, and made for me a large series of sound- 

 ings in that bog. An iron rod was used, 14|- feet long, with a working 

 length of hih feet, by using it in holes, cut for the purpose, in the moss. 

 AVe found man}' ])laces where bottom could not be reached by our rod, 

 and Mr. Todd has sounded in places to 24 feet without reaching it. The 

 details of the soundings are not here important, but they demonstrated 

 the important fact that there is no relation whatever between surface and 

 bottom contour. Depths too great for our rod occurred sometimes over 

 high, sometimes over low, places, and shallow places are equally irregular 

 in distribution. It is evident that the bottom is as irregularly broken 

 into hollows and knolls, ridges and valleys, as is the surrounding countr}', 

 and that the growth of the bog, as a whole, is independent of any special 

 basins. At the Lepreau bog our 15foot rod often failed to reach bottom 

 in the area north of X ; and Mr. Oscar Hanson, jr., lias told me he has 

 found no bottom in j^laces with a rod of 24 feet. South of X, however, 

 depths of but 12-14 feet were found. 



In the bogs of Europe, Sendtner (15) mentions as extreme depths, 20 

 to 40 feet, with which Senft (1(5) agrees. Fischer-Benzon (5) gives 8 to 

 20 metres, and mentions (p. 49) an extreme case of 2(;mj metres. These 

 depths include, of course, flat bog under the Hochmoore. The irresru- 



