[mills] development OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 197 



ralised mammalian type towards man in several directions, as in their 

 sensory and motor equipment, but he is inclined in accordance with his 

 views of animal intelligence and psychology generally to make all things 

 pivot on the association process. He says, " Let us not wonder at the 

 comparative absence of free ideas in the monkeys, much less at the ab- 

 sence of inferences or concepts. Let us not wonder that the only de- 

 monstrable intellectual advance of the monkeys over the mammals in 

 general is the change from the few narrowly confined practical asso- 

 ciations to an amplitude of all sorts, for that may turn out to be at the 

 l)ottom the only demonstrable advance of man, an advance which in 

 connection with the brain acting with increased delicacy and irritability 

 ' brings in its train the functions which mark off human mentality from 

 that of all other animals." And in his paper on the Evolution of the 

 Human Intellect, he expresses the opinion that the '• Intellectual evolu- 

 tion of the race consists in the increase of the number, delicacy, com- 

 plexity, prominence and speed-formation of such associations. In man 

 this increase reaches such a point that apparently a new type of mind 

 results which conceals the real continuity of the process." 



I cannot but think myself that this is but a small part — a mere 

 chapter of the whole story, and that by believing this to be the whole 

 we retard progress. I Avish to point out, however, that there does not 

 seem to be the same objection to the methods of the labarators when 

 applied to lower vertebrates. Dr. Thorndike^s own studies on a fish, 

 Fundulus, with a low type of brain; the investigation of Yerkes and 

 Bosworth on the cray-fish; that of Yerkes on the turtle; those on birds 

 by various observers; and others to which the limitations of time do 

 not permit me to allude, all seem to be in the right direction; all the 

 more as in the case of fishes, turtles and other aquatic creatures ordi- 

 nary observations must, in the nature of the case, be very restricted. 

 We should surely expect that simple association proeesses would play a 

 larger part in the psychic life of such creatures than in that of mam- 

 mals. But when it is urged that association processes with instinct 

 explain all, or practically all in the mental make-up of animals, I must 

 enter a most vigorous protest. 



Mr. Kinnaman is not sure, as a consequence of his investigations 

 on the monkey, and as Dr. Thorndike believes, that they have no "fre? 

 ideas " — to use the terminology of the latter, and expresses his views 

 regarding the monkey and animals generally, as follows : " Whether 

 these animals have ' free ideas ' and general notions beyond the mere 

 ''recept' and are capable of real analogical reasoning, cannot be posi- 

 tively determined. If they do the processes certainly do not rise to the 

 level of full reflex consciousness. Yet there is no way of knowing, be- 



