[mills] development OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 201 



between the action of an outer agent npon the machine and the reaction 

 of the machine similar to what we find in organisms." 



I can do but scant justice to a highly critical, profound and sug- 

 gestive paper by H. Heath Bawden on " The Psychological Theory of 

 Organic Evolution." He passes in review the work of Binet, Cope, 

 Loeb and others. Professor Loeb lays stress on what he terms " asso- 

 ciated memory," by which he means, "that mechanism by which a 

 stimulus brings about not only the effects which its nature and the 

 specific structure of the irritable organ call for, but by which it brings 

 about also the effects of other stimuli which formerly acted u,pon the 

 organism almost or quite simultaneously with the stimulus in question." 

 Consciousness ceases with " associated memory," as in sleep, anaesthesia, 

 etc. According to this test Loeb fails to find consciousness in Infu- 

 soria, Cœlenterates and Worms, and doubtfully in many higher forms. 

 He is quite certain of consciousness only in many of the higher verte- 

 brates. Bawden thinks Loeb errs, and while be believes that this crite- 

 rion may be good for determining the degree of mammalian conscious- 

 ness, he believes it too restricted to apply to the whole animal kingdom, 

 much less to the plant world. Eomanes held that " consciousness was 

 that which enables the organisms to learn to make new adjustments or 

 to modify old ones in accordance with the results of its own individual 

 experience." " Purposiveness means simple adaptation of means to 

 ends; consciousness means the ability to vary the use of means to an 

 end. The former may be quite automatic, the latter alone must be 

 conscious." (Bawden). 



Baldwin says, " Consciousness is the new thing in nature, the thing 

 which organisms show in all cases, their latest and finest adjustment 

 and the central fact of consciousness, its prime intrument, its selective 

 agent, its seizing, grasping, relating, assimilating, apperceiving — in 

 short, its accommodating element and process — is attention." 



Probably in no direction has more solid advance been made within 

 the last ten years than in the psychology of instinct, impulse, habit and 

 kindred subjects. Professor Lloyd Morgan's best contributions have 

 been in this realm. In this he has been both the observer and the 

 thinker, and his biological training has been at once a preparation for 

 the task and a ground of confidence for the reader of his works. His 

 " Habit and Instinct " embodies much of the best that has been attained 

 in that department. He, however, wisely draws on the stores of others 

 and in these subjects the data are more abundant and reliable probably 

 than in any other department of the whole field. The investigations 

 of the Peckhams on insects deserve in this connection special mention. 



Sec. IV., 1903. 12. 



