410 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



and presumably some former intervales, making its banks a suitable place for the 

 occurrence of the Ground-nut. Compare BENACADIE. 



Passamaquoddy. 



Location and Application. The name of a large land-locked Bay in the 

 southwestern angle of New Brunswick, but formerly used for an indefinite district 

 thereabouts. It is also the name of the Indian tribe which still exists in that region. 

 Abbreviated to Quoddy, it is applied, as Quoddy Head, Roads and River to various 

 features in the vicinity, as will later be noted. The spelling expresses exactly the 

 local pronunciation, all of the vowels being sounded short, and the accent placed on 

 the syllable before the last. 



History of the Name. It makes its earliest known appearance in 1677 in the 

 forms PERTEMAG8ATE and PESSEMOUQUOTE, in the Relation of Father 

 Morain, who speaks of the place as one of the three rivers on which the Indians were 

 settled (Thwaites' Jesuit Relations, LX, 262-3). The former of the two spellings, 

 by the way, in view of the latter, and of the construction of the word as noted below, 

 would seem clearly a misprint for PESTEMAG8ATE, the 8 in both words being 

 renderable, as usual, most nearly by OU (or OUI). I find the word next in 1684 as 

 PASCOMADY in an official seigniorial grant {these Transactions, V, 1899, ii, 307), 

 which form I take for some careless clerical transposition for the letters in PASMO- 

 CADY, since it is PESMOUCADY in the same series of grants in 1691 {op. cit. 

 308), and in many other uses of the name. The word should be pronounced, by the 

 way, with the accent on the syllable before the last, as shown earlier on page 378. 

 The great map by Franquelin and De Meulles of 1686 has PESMONQUADY {op. 

 cit. Ill, 1897, ii, 364), as has the French Census of the same year (Rameau de Saint- 

 Pere, Une Colonie Féodale, II, 402); but I think it most probable that both words are 

 from the same source, in which the N was really written U. From this time onward 

 we find a certain dimorphism in the word as used respectively by French and English, 

 of which we shall first trace the French. Thus in 1696 the Sieur de Villebon, then 

 Governor of Acadia, uses PESMOKADIS, in his journals, still unpublished, in the 

 Boston Public Library, though according to Murdoch {Nova Scotia, I, 214), he had 

 used PESMONQUADIS (PESMOUQUADIS ?) in 1694. Later we find PESMO- 

 CADY, PESMOCADÉ, PESMONCADY, PESMOCANTI in various documents 

 down to 1744, in which year Bellin, in his great type map, Carte de la Partie Orientale 

 de la Nouvelle France, used PESMOCADIÉ, to which he adheres consistently in all 

 others of his maps. Then as the influence of the French waned and finally vanished 

 in that region, their form of the name, which clearly approximated to PESMOCADIE 

 (accented, it is to be remembered, on the syllable before the last) gradually became 

 obsolete. Meantime, however, two variants had appeared. One of them is the 

 form PAS-CAMADI on the great Carte du Canada of d'Anville of 1755; and this, 

 like a case earlier mentioned, I take to be an accidental clerical transposition for 

 PAS-MACADI, since nothing in the known history of the word Passamaquoddy 

 explains d'Anville's form, while the transposition is an easily natural one. The other 

 variant is far more important, for around it center some of the later explanations of 

 the name. It is the form PESKADAMIOUKKANTI, given by Father Charlevoix 

 in 1744 in his Histoire de la Nouvelle France (Shea's Translation, I, 275). He makes, 

 however, the slip of saying that it is the Indian name of the Pentagoët (Penobscot), 

 an error that is patent; moreover, it is corrected by Bellin in 1755, in his printed 

 Explanation of his map, where he says (p. 42) that it was the Indian name for Pes- 

 comadié, though apparently he did not connect the two. Meantime, however, a some- 

 what different form was arising among the New Englanders, who were already resort- 

 ing to the region for fish and the Indian trade. The earliest English use of the name 



