(ganong] INDIAN PLACE-NOMENCLATURE 411 



that I have found is in 1690, in a journal of the Phipps Expedition, which reads PAS- 

 SEMEQUADIE {Report on Canadian Archives for 1912, 55). In the same year, 

 however, in a cotemporary newspaper item, occurs the very interesting form PESCA- 

 DAMOQUADY (Avery's History of the United States, III, fac-simile opposite 

 page 281). Colonel Church in 1696 uses PASSAMEQUADY (Drake's History of 

 Philip's War, 1827, 236) and in 1704 PASSAMEQUADO {op. cit. 261). It is PASA- 

 MIQUADI on the Blackmore map of the region, of 1713, and on the Moll map of 

 1715 {these Transactions, III, 1897, ii, 366, 368), while PASSAMAQUODDA, 

 PESSEMEQUODDY and other forms, often obviously misprinted, occur in later 

 English records. Then, in 1733, on an important map, Southack introduced the 

 present form PASSAMAQUODDY {these Transactions, VII, 1901, ii, 268), which 

 form, though naturally with a good many variants and mis-spellings, has prevailed 

 down to the present. Of these aberrant forms, one occurs in the mysterious Visscher 

 map, of uncertain date, which has PERSTMEQUADE, evidently from English 

 sources with the other English words in the vicinity {these Transactions, III, ii, 

 358). More interesting, however, is the form adopted by Mitchell in his famous map 

 of 1755, which has PASSAMACADIE. This spelling is English in its first syllables, 

 but seemingly French in its latter part, and was no doubt chosen by Mitchell 

 through deference to its French associations and presumable (to him) French origin. 

 This form had no influence upon cotemporary maps, his rival Jeffreys having on his 

 Map of Nova Scotia of the same year PESSEMIQUADI and PASSAMAQUIDDI {op. 

 cit. 379). Thus it is clear that while the French form of the name approximated to- 

 wards PESMOCADIE the English form approximated towards PASSAMAQUOD- 

 DY, which naturally has survived. The English form thus differs from the French, 

 first, in the possession of an extra syllable introduced into the first part of the word, 

 no doubt for greater ease of pronunciation by the English tongue.as paralelled in the 

 case of Petitcodiac considered in the preceding paper, and second, in retention of 

 the QU or KW sound, which disappears from the later French. 



Analysis of the Word. Every consideration points to an Indian origin of the 

 word, and: this is completely confirmed by the testimony of the modern Indians, 

 who know and use it in their own tongue. Thus, I have been given PES-KUT-UM- 

 0-QUAH-TIK (in the form of my notes) by Gabe Acquin, one of the most reliable 

 of Maliseets, and M. Chamberlain in his Maliseet Vocabulary 60, has PËS'-TE-MO- 

 KA'-TËK, while Gatschet, who knew the place and Indians personally, has PESKE- 

 DËMAI^ÂDI {National Geographic Magazine, VIII, 1897, 23). Rand has PESTU- 

 MOOKWÂDIK {Micmac-English Dictionary, 188), and is quoted for the form 

 PESTUMOO-KWODDY by Dawson in his Acadian Geology 2nd edition, 3, and for 

 PESTUMACADIE (Rand was "the missionary at Hantsport, Nova Scotia"), by 

 Ballard in his paper on Maine place-names in the Report of the United States Coast 

 Survey for 1868, 255. As to the meaning of the word there is perfect agreement 

 among the authorities. Thus Gabe told me it means WHERE POLLOCK ARE, 

 while Gatschet has WHERE POLLOCK IS NUMEROUS OR PLENTIFUL, 

 from PESKËDEM, meaning THE POLLOCK FISH, and -KADI, or -AKADI, 

 meaning PLENTY OR ABUNDANCE, "of the object in question." Rand, in the 

 places above cited, derives it from PESTUMOO — ,meaning POLLOCK, and 

 -KWODDY, meaning GROUND, (that is, POLLOCK-GROUND), or PLACE OF 

 PLENTY. Furthermore, this modern evidence is supported by many earlier 

 records. Thus (and this is the earliest attempt that I have found at the solution 

 of the word), the Passamaquoddy Indians in the year 1796 told Ward Chipman, one 

 of the British Boundary Commissioners that "Passamaquoddy was so called from the 

 great quantity of Pollock taken there" (Kilby, Eastport and Passamaquoddy, 115). 

 Later, in 1828, the missionary to the Passamaquoddies, Rev. Elijah Kellogg, gave the 



