412 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 



meaning as POLLOCK FISH (Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 

 III, 1833, 181), and this statement has been repeated by many others. More 

 specific is the analysis given in 1839 by Williamson in his History of Maine (I, 512) 

 for he derives it from PASCODUM, meaning POLLOCK, OQUON, meaning 

 CATCH 'EM GREAT MANY, and KEAG meaning LAND,— in which he is almost 

 correct as we shall soon demonstrate; and this explanation is repeated by other 

 writers later. Ballard gave a correct analysis of the word, based on Williamson and 

 Rand, making the Micmac form, upon Rand's authority as above cited, PESTUMA- 

 CADIE, and the Etchemin PASCATUMACADIE, with meanings POLLOCK- 

 PLENTY-PLACE, or, on authority of an Indian chief, POLLOCK-CATCH-'EM- 

 GOOD-MANY {Report of the United States Coast Survey for 1868, 255). In this paper 

 Ballard cites Barratt in support of PASCATUM meaning POLLOCK; the same 

 excellent work likewise gives PESTUM as the Micmac word for that fish {The Indian 

 of New England, 1851, 14). Later Trumbull, in his invaluable work on Algonkin 

 Place-Names in the Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, II, 1870, 26, uses 

 Charlevoix's form PESKADAMIOUKKANTI as a basis, and cites Kellogg and 

 Rand, to a conclusion identical with theirs. Incidentally he raises the question 

 whether the PESKATUM might not have applied to more than one kind of fish, but 

 in this he is wrong, since it is perfectly clear that the Indians gave the name to a 

 single prominent species, as will later more fully appear. Later came Gatschet's 

 analysis, above mentioned, and my own similar explanation in these Transactions, 

 II, 1896, ii, 260. 



Marshalling these data they point all to one conclusion, viz., that the first part 

 of the word means POLLOCK. In Micmac this word is PËSTUM, in the plural 

 PESTUMOO'K (Rand, First Reading Book, 54), while the second part represents 

 our familiar combination -A-KA'DI-(K), already discussed (page 380), The com- 

 bination here appears, however, in the form -A-KWA'DI-(K), which always follows 

 an 00 sound, showing that it is PESTUMOO, the stem of the plural form, which 

 appears in the word; and, as in all such cases, the A is extinguished by the 00 sound. 

 Thus in full the word would be PESTUMOO- (A)-KWA'DI-(K), meaning literally 

 POLLOCK-(THEIR)-OCCURRENCE-(PLACE). Two matters, however, need 

 special elucidation. The various forms of the word all fall into two sharply marked 

 groups,— a first including PESSEMOUQUOTE, PERSTMEQUADE, PESTU- 

 MACADIE, PÈS'-TE-MO-KA'-TËK and the abbreviations which led to the French 

 PESMOCADIE and the English PASSAMAQUODDY, in which the first part of 

 the word is PESTEM-or PESSEM-, and a second group including PES-KUT-UM- 

 O-QUAH-TIK, PESKADAMIOUKKANTI, PESCADAMOQUADY, in which the 

 first part of the word is PESKATUM-. The difference between the two groups is 

 perfectly plain, for PESTUM is the Micmac, and PESKATUM is the Maliseet- 

 Passamaquoddy- Penobscot, name for the POLLOCK, as has already been indicated, 

 and as all vocabularies confirm. The difference in these words caught the critical 

 eye of Trumbull, by the way, though he interpreted PESTUM wrongly as Etchemin, 

 i. e. Maliseet {Collections cited earlier, 26). The clearness of the distinction between 

 the two groups raises in turn the question as to which of the two forms is the original, 

 and therefore the actual ancestor, of the word Passamaquoddy. Returning to the 

 records, it seems quite clear that the form involving PESTUM which is the oldest, 

 must be also the one which was abbreviated into the later PESMOCADIE and 

 PASSAMAQUODDY, for the other form, involving PESKATUM, appears not only 

 later but also sporadically. If, now, it seems highly improbable that a name in a 

 territory of the Passamaquoddies would be Micmac, then the answer is also clear and 

 has been given already in this series — viz., several of the most prominent names in 

 this region, including Magaguadavic, Bocabec and Cobscook already considered, 



