[ganong] INDIAN PLACE-NOMENCLATURE 413 



with several others later to be noted, are unquestionably Micmac, as are several in 

 the Maliseet territory along the Saint John {these Transactions, VII, 1913, ii, 90, 105), 

 in light of which fact Passamaquoddy is not only possibly, but even probably, 

 Micmac. The situation, I think, is clear as a whole. The original word, in actual 

 use by the Indians at first contact with the whites, was PESTUMAKWADI, of Mic- 

 mac origin, which was adopted and corrupted by the whites to PESMOCADIE- 

 PASSAMAQUODDY; but the Maliseets-Passamaquoddies-Penobscots, knowing 

 that the word meant POLLOCK, used their own equivalent of the word, viz., PES- 

 KADUMAKWADI, especially when giving the name with care to the whites. We 

 have actual proof of this double usage in one case, for, as recorded above, one Maliseet 

 Indian gave to me the Maliseet form, and another gave to M. Chamberlain the 

 Micmac form. On this hypothesis the whole subject becomes clear and consistent. 



Another point of interest concerns the use, in the PESKADAMIOUKKANTI 

 of Charlevoix, and in the form PESMOCANTI, of an N sound in the second part of 

 the work. The significance is plain — it is simply the nasal N which occurs in the 

 root when pronounced by the Abenakisas explained earlier in this paper (page 377). 



We consider now the appropriateness of the name to the place, — which in turn 

 involves the inquiry as to its precise topographical application by the Indians. In 

 all of the earlier records the name is applied to a general district, and we do not 

 find it attached to any recognizable topographical feature until Blackmore's chart 

 of 1713, already mentioned, a chart based upon new surveys, applies PASAMIQUADI 

 to an inlet which is clearly intended for the West Passage, i.e., that between Campo- 

 bello and the mainland of the United States. On Southack's chart of 1733, also 

 earlier mentioned, and also made from new surveys by Southack himself, the word is 

 applied four times, as WEST PASSAGE OF PASSAMAQUODDY to the West 

 Passage, as PASSAMAQUODDY HEAD to the neighbouring headland on Campo- 

 bello, as GREAT ISLAND OF PASSAMAQUODDY to Campobello itself, and as 

 PASSAMAQUODDY RIVER to the passage between Deer Island and Maine, the 

 identity of all these places being made plain in these Transactions, VII, 1901, ii, 267 

 seq. - 



It was this map of Southack's which was used by Mitchell in his map of 1755, 

 likewise already mentioned, and famous in the boundary controversies; and on that 

 map Mitchell adds PASSAMACADIE B., that is Bay, to waters which are clearly 

 the outer Bay, viz., the waters between Campobello Deer Island and Moose Island, 

 as comparison with Southack's map will show. In this usage, the source of which I 

 do not know and which may represent only a happy guess, Mitchell first connects 

 the name with a Bay, and moreover does it correctly, as we shall presently learn. 

 Neither of these maps, nor any other printed map down to 1764, however, shows 

 any trace of the great inner Bay which now bears the name. But, in 1764 John 

 Mitchel surveyed the Passamaquoddy region, and placed the inner Bay on his map, 

 which, unknown in the original, is preserved in a cotemporary compilation and printed 

 in these Transactions, VII, 1901, ii, 229, while his full journal of his survey has been 

 published in the Collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society, II, 1904, 175. 

 On his map, he applies PASSIMAQUODDY to Campobello, and also to the present 

 Saint Croix, — doing the last, quite obviously, because, like so many others, he 

 misinterpreted Southack's map, which he is known to have had with him, mistaking 

 Southack's outer for the inner Bay. On this map he gives no name to the inner Bay, 

 though the entire map is entitled A PLAN OF PASSIMAQUODDY BAY OR THE 

 BAY OF ST. CROIX, the word Bay being used in this place, quite evidently, in 

 the general sense of the waters of the region, as it is used for example in a document 

 of 1762 which makes Passamaquoddy Bay extend all the way to Point Lepreau 

 {Report on Canadian Archives, for 1904, 297). In his field book Mitchel speaks of 



