[ganong] INDIAN PLACE-NOMENCLATURE 419 



whom Father Maurault lived. I do not, however, perceive the roots which can 

 give the meaning he assigns; but the matter is hardly important in view of the weight 

 of the evidence which assigns so different a meaning to the word. 



A fifth explanation is contained in the Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 

 IV, 1856, 116, where Joseph Howard gives, upon the authority of Dr. J. A. Shute an 

 origin from the Delaware tongue, (the Maine Indians being supposed to represent an 

 offshoot thereof), making Passamaquoddy mean "Too many bears." I have not 

 tried to find the Delaware roots that explain this interpretation, for obviously it is 

 too far fetched for consideration in conjunction with the foregoing evidence. 



A sixth explanation was given me some years ago by John Lola, a bright Passa- 

 maquoddy, who said the word meant, "narrow and wide and comes in narrow again." 

 I do not know the roots he had in mind, but have not troubled to find them, in light 

 of the other evidence. I have since found that Lola, while extremely accurate as to the 

 Indian forms of place-names, had apparently some very original theory as to their 

 meanings, which are often erroneous, as now I know. The fact that his 

 father was a Mohawk, and perhaps taught him that tongue, may explain the 

 matter. I give this meaning only because it may step forth again and I wish to 

 forestall its spread. 



The seventh, and last, of the other meanings that I have found is contained in 

 the papers of David Owen, who lived long at Campobello and took a considerable, 

 albeit somewhat superficial and pedantic, interest in local affairs. He made the 

 map mentioned on an earlier page (414). The place-names in his MS {these Trans- 

 actions, V, 1912, ii, 193) show that he was possessed by the obsession that the 

 names of the region used by the Indians had been adopted by them from the French; 

 and upon this view he interpreted Passamaquoddy (doubtless having in mind the 

 French form PASSAMACADIE given the word upon Mitchell's well-known map) 

 as PASSE-EN-ACADIE, meaning apparently, the PASSAGE TO ACADIA. It 

 has not, so far as I have found, yet passed beyond his MS, but may yet appear. 



Summary. The name Passamaquoddy is a corruption of an Indian name 

 PESTUMOKWADI, which is condensed from PËSTÛMOO-(A)-KWA'DI-(K), 

 meaning literally POLLOCK (THEIR)-OCCURRENCE-(PLACE), or, more 

 generally THE PLACE WHERE POLLOCK OCCUR, applied originally to the 

 waters between Campobello, Deer, and Moose Islands, in description of the con- 

 spicuous and distinctive resort there of the Pollock, but later transferred 

 cartographically to the inner Bay, 



POOKUDAPSKWODE. The Micmac name for Porcupine Head, as given by 

 Rand in the forms POOKÛDÀPSKWÔDE, POOGUDOOPSKWODIK and 

 POOKUDÂPSKWÂDE, but without meaning {First Reading Book, 96; Micmac- 

 English Dictionary, 188, twice). At first sight one is inclined to connect the name with 

 some such root as POOGWEDOOT, meaning "I have a thick beard, "and other words 

 with the root POOGW, having the meaning of bristly or shaggy {Dictionary cited, 142), 

 thus making the word describe the same appearance which apparently has given origin 

 to the English name Cape Porcupine. But this places in an unnatural combination 

 the -KWODE, which seems a typical example of one form of our familiar root 

 -KA'DI-(K), already considered (page 380), on which account we look naturally 

 for some animal having a name like the first part of the word. This we can find in 

 'MKÛDÔPSKOON, the Micmac name for a large black-backed Gull (Rand, First 

 Reading Book, 48), the M being replaceable by P through the usual easy interchange- 

 ability of these two sounds in Micmac, and the last syllable being omitted. This, 

 however, raises the question of the identity of the place. Rand, in one of his uses 

 of the word, gives its location as in Cape Breton, which seems clearly an error, nor 



