[bowman] fundamental PROCESSES IN HISTORICAL SCIENCE 513 



Ordinarily in actual experience more than 100 out of every 101 

 persons living in apparent poverty are really poor. But when a 

 person lives in such extraordinarily wretched circumstances that even 

 the poor deride him, the question whether he may be a miser comes 

 more into play; hence the above estimate in the 1st conclusion. In 

 the 2nd conclusion the degree of probability is fixed approximately 

 by the number of persons in actual experience who live penuriously 

 for the mere sake of hoarding and leave a very large property at 

 death, as against those who do this with an ultimate philanthropic 

 purpose, A more recent case of such a philanthropic hoarder on a 

 large scale, reported by the Vienna correspondent of the London 

 Standard in 1912, is the Vienna "miser," Joseph Spitzberg. He lived 

 singly, in a room without heat or light, on dry bread and tea, in order 

 to bequeath two million crowns, practically all his fortune, for the 

 founding of a children's hospital. 



In Case 2 the narrative of necessary conclusions, consisting of the 

 several parts of evidence read uninterruptedly, has, in addition to 

 the ordinary advantages noted in Case 1, a moral superiority because, 

 unlike the narrative based on probability, it makes no unnecessary 

 reflections on the dead. The narrator gives simply the information 

 available. For the rest, the reader may draw further conclusions, 

 probable or improbable, as he may see fit. If such conclusions by the 

 reader, e.g., that the dead millionaire was a miser, be shown subse- 

 quently to have been erroneous and unjust, the narrator will not have 

 contributed to the error and injustice. 



Case 3. 



Historical narratives on the basis of necessary conclusions con- 

 sist chiefly of features drawn directly from various sources of trust- 

 worthy evidence and woven into an impartial account of the matter 

 under consideration. Occasionally, however, the narrative may 

 contain points which are not directly mentioned in the evidence and 

 yet are necessarily inferred from it. Case 3 illustrates this feature. 

 Part 3 of the available evidence ends at the word "total," and the 

 subsequent sentence printed in italics is a necessary inference from the 

 evidence then available. In Case 7 similar necessary inferences are 

 also printed in italics in two parts of available evidence, the actual 

 additions of evidence being the portion in ordinary type. 



Narration of Case 3. 



(Part 1): "Of the persons listed under the initials A to E in- 

 clusive in the directory of the leading men of America entitled 



Sei. I and II. 1916—34 



