[bowman] fundamental PROCESSES IN HISTORICAL SCIENCE 519 



(Part 3): "The first date was according to the Old Style or 

 Julian Calendar still used in Russia, which is thirteen days behind the 

 New Style or correct calendar used in Canada, the Warsaw stamp 

 being equivalent therefore to August 8. The first letter opened was 

 dated July 24, 1913." 



(No. 3): "Probably this date was in the Old Style, or really August 6, 

 and the letter was mailed two days after writing." (1,000/1,001). 



(Part 4) : "The second, from the same correspondent, was dated 



August 7, 1913, and explained that the mailing of the first letter was 



accidentally overlooked for several weeks. Both letters were dated in 



the New Style.'' 



(No. 4): "The letters were dated in the New Style probably out of cour- 

 tesy to the recipient." {High). 



(Part 5): "The letters were dated in the New Style because the 

 writer was a resident of Russian Poland, where in private intercourse 

 the Russian calendar is disregarded and the people use instead the 

 New Style or Gregorian Calendar adopted by them under the former 

 kingdom of Poland in 1586." 



In this case the narrative of necessary conclusions, formed by 

 successive insertions and extensions, will read thus: 



"A.B., dwelling at Berlin in Canada, received simultaneously 

 two letters, both stamped July 26, 1913, at Warsaw in Russia, and 

 August 19, 1913, at Berlin in Canada. The first date was according 

 to the Old Style or Julian Calendar still used in Russia, which is thir- 

 teen days behind the New Style or correct calendar used in Canada, 

 the Warsaw stamp being equivalent therefore to August 8. The 

 first letter opened was dated July 24, 1913. The second, from the 

 same correspondent, was dated August 7, 1913, and explained that 

 the mailing of the first letter was accidentally overlooked for several 

 weeks. Both letters were dated in the New Style, the writer being a 

 resident of Russian Poland, where in private intercourse the Russian 

 calendar is disregarded and the people use instead the New Style or 

 Gregorian Calendar adopted by them under the former kingdom of 

 Poland in 1586." 



Poland, as a Catholic power, adopted early the Gregorian Calen- 

 dar, so called because it was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII 

 (October 15, 1582) in pursuance of a decree of the Council of Trent 

 (1545-1563). Among Protestant countries religious considerations 

 long delayed an acceptance of the reform. Russia and the members 

 generally of the Orthodox Greek Church adhere still to the Old Style. 

 Among Russians there is no tendency to disregard the Old Style in 

 their personal intercourse. They date their letters to each other in 

 that style. In private letters to Polish people they use the Old Style, 



