The Amphibian larynx. 



275 



ing comparison of the theories advanced in the two works will show 

 the points of similarity and difference. 



Gegenbaur : 

 The starting point for the for- 

 mation of the respiratory cartilages 

 is found in the Cartilage lateralis 

 of Henlb, which in Proteus re- 

 presents the primitive condition, 

 that of a single piece. 



The Cartilago lateralis is homo- 

 logous with the 5tii branchial 

 arch. 



This was first suggested by the 

 musculature which is essentially 

 branchial. 



The possibility of modification 

 in these arches is shown by the 

 change in Teleosts into inferior 

 pharyngeal bones. 



Wilder (1892): 



The respiratory cartilages of 

 the Amphibia are represented by 

 two pairs of cartilages, from two 

 distinct sources. Of these, the 

 anterior pair alone, the arytaenoids, 

 represent the Cartilago lateralis. 

 The apparently simple condition 

 seen in the Proteidae, is not pri- 

 mitive, but secondary. 



The arytaenoids (Cartilago late- 

 ralis) are homologous with the b^^ 

 branchial arch (notice here that 

 "Cartilago lateralis" has not the 

 same value as with Gtegenbaur). 



This was first suggested by the 

 fact that every form possesses 

 either a pair of laryngeal car- 

 tilages, or a pair of 5th branchial 

 arches, but that no animal pos- 

 sesses both. 



The homology with the inferior 



pharyngeal bones is mentioned, 



but no conclusions are drawn 

 from it. 



The nerve suppljring the ary- 

 taenoid region is the same element 

 which properly belongs to the 

 5ti' branchial arch (= Vagus 4). 



emphasized in my publication of 1892 (No. 12), that the Arytaenoids 

 were probably older than the tracheal elements, he says, "Unverkennbar 

 erscheinen in dieser Auffassung Anklänge an die Darstellung in 

 Wiedersheim's Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere 

 |2. Aufl., Jena 1886, p. 625) ". This idea, although incorporated in my 

 conclusions (1. c. p. 573), is quoted directly from Wiedersheim on a 

 previous page (p. 571) of the same work, the citation being identical 

 with that referred to by Göppert. It is not usual to bring a charge 

 of plagiarism against an author for a direct quotation, especially when 

 the page of the extract is given. 



Zool. Jahrb. IX. Abth. f. Morph in 



