176 



ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES 



55. Xanthomonas proteamaculans 



(Paine and Stansfield, 1919) Burkholder, 

 1948. (Pseudomonas proteamaculans Paine 

 and Stansfield, Ann. Appl. Biol., 6, 1919, 

 38; Burkholder, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 

 169.) 



pro.te.a.ma'cu.lans. Gr. Proteus a god; 

 M.L. noun Protea a plant generic name; L. 

 V. maculo to spot; M.L. part. adj. 'proteama- 

 culans spotting Protea. 



Rods 0.6 to 0.8 by 0.8 to 1.6 microns. 

 Motile with 1 to 3 polar flagella. Gram- 

 positive (Paine and Stansfield). Gram-nega- 

 tive (Dowson, personal communication, 

 August, 1953). 



Gelatin: Liquefied. 



Agar slant: Growth wet-shining, dirty 

 white with a faint yellow tinge. 



Broth: Turbid in 24 hours. Slight ring. 



Milk: Acid with soft curd after 2 days. 

 Later a separation of whey. 



Nitrites produced from nitrates. 



Acid and gas from glucose, sucrose and 

 mannitol. No acid or gas from lactose. 



Starch: Slight hydrolysis. 



Source: Repeated isolation from a leaf- 

 spot of Protea in England. 



Habitat: Pathogenic on Protea cynar- 

 oides . 



56. Xanthomonas manihotis (Ar- 

 thaud-Berthet, 1912) Starr, 1946. {Bacillus 

 manihotus (sic) Arthaud-Berthet, in Bon- 

 dar, Chacaras and Quintaes, 5 (4), 1912, 

 15; Starr, Jour. Bact., 51, 1946, 136.) 



ma.ni.ho'tis. M.L. Manihot a plant 

 generic name; M.L. gen. noun manihotis of 

 Manihot. 



Description from Burkholder (Phyto- 

 path.,S^, 1942, 147). 



Rods 0.35 to 0.93 by 1.4 to 2.8 microns. 

 Mostly non-motile. One isolate showed a 

 few cells with a single polar flagellum. 

 Amaral (Instit. Biol., Sao Paulo, Arq., 

 IS, 1942, 120) states that the species is mo- 

 tile with a single polar flagellum. Gram- 

 negative. 



Gelatin: Liquefied. 



Beef -extract-peptone agar slant: Growth 

 raised, ivory-colored, smooth, shiny, with 

 edges entire. 



Potato-glucose agar: Growth abundant, 

 white to hyaline, very mucoid. 



Broth: Turbid with a whitish granular 

 ring. 



Litmus milk: Litmus reduced and milk 

 clears. With return of color, litmus is purple. 



Indole not produced. 



Hydrogen sulfide produced. 



Nitrites produced from nitrates (Drum- 

 mond and Hipolito, Ceres, 2, 1941, 298). 



Asparagine not used as a nitrogen and 

 carbon source. No growth in nitrate syn- 

 thetic broth. 



Weak growth but slight acid production 

 in synthetic medium plus glucose, d-galac- 

 tose, d-fructose, d-xylose, maltose or su- 

 crose. No growth in rhamnose, 1-arabinose, 

 d-lactose, glycerol, mannitol or salicin. 

 Good growth with alkaline reaction in same 

 medium plus salts of the following acids: 

 acetic, citric, malic, maleic or succinic. 

 The salts of formic, hippuric, lactic and 

 tartaric acids were not utilized. 



Starch hydrolyzed. 



Pectate medium liquefied. 



Lipolytic action slight. 



Aerobic. 



Temperature relations: Optimum, 30° C. 

 Minimum, 5° C. Maximum, 38° C. 



Source: First isolated from the cassava. 

 Manihotus utilissima, in Brazil. 



Habitat: Produces a wilt disease on 

 various species of Manihotus. 



57. Xanthomonas rubrisubalbioans 



(Christopher and Edgerton, 1930) Savu- 

 lescu, 1947. {Phytomonas rubrisubalbicans 

 Christopher and Edgerton, Jour. Agr. Res., 

 41, 1930, 266; Sivulescu, Anal. Acad. Ro- 

 mane. III, 22, 1947, 11.) 



ru.bri. sub. al'bi. cans. L. ruber red; L. 

 subalbicans whitish; M.L. adj. rubrisubalbi- 

 cans red whitish. 



Short rods with polar flagella. En- 

 capsulated. Gram-negative. 



Gelatin: No liquefaction. 



Bacto-glucose agar colonies: Circular, 

 glistening, viscid, milky gray to buff. 

 Margins translucent, entire. 



Broth: Turbid after 24 hours. Pellicle 

 and a ropy sediment. 



Indole produced. 



Hydrogen sulfide produced. 



No acid or gas from carbohydrates. 



Starch hydrolyzed. 



