FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE 



199 



Acid but no gas from various sugars and 

 alcohols. 



Starch is hj'drolyzed. 

 Fixes nitrogen. 



Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 



Aerobic. 



Source: Isolated from soil. 



Habitat: Soil. 



Genus VII. Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel, 1936* 



(Kluj'ver and van Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., H, 1936, 399; Saccharomonas 

 Shimwell, Jour. Inst. Brewing, 56 (N.S. 47), 1950, 179.) 



Zy.mo'mo.nas or Zy.mo.mo'nas. Gr. noun zyme leaven, ferment; Gr. noun monas a 

 unit, monad; M.L. fem.n. Zymomonas fermenting monad. 



Rod-shaped cells, occasionally ellipsoidal. Motile cells are lophotrichous. Anaerobically 

 ferment glucose with the production of carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and some lactic acid. 

 Found in fermenting beverages such as pulque, palm juice and beer. 



The type species is Zymomonas mobilis (Lindner) Kluyver and van Niel. 



1. Zymomonas mobilis (Lindner, 1928) 

 Kluyver and van Niel, 1936. (Termobac- 

 terium mobile Lindner, Atlas d. Mikrosk 

 Grundl. d. Garungsk., 3 Aufl., 2, 1928, Taf 

 68; also see Lindner, 50 Jubilaumsber 

 Westpreuss. Bot.-Zool. Vereins, 1928, 253 

 Pseudomonas lindneri Kluyver and Hoppen 

 brouwers, Arch. f. Mikrobiol., £, 1931, 259 

 Zymomonas mobile (sic), Kluyver and van 

 Niel, Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 94, 1936, 399 

 Saccharomonas lindneri Shimwell, Jour. 

 Inst. Brewing, 56 (N. S. 47), 1950, 179.) 



mo'bi.lis. L. adj. mobilis movable, motile. 



Short rods with rounded ends, 1.4 to 2.0 

 by 4.0 to 5.0 microns. Occur usually as pairs 

 with a central constriction and rarely as 

 short chains. Motile with polar flagella. 

 Gram-negative. 



Peptone gelatin: Poor growth. 



Peptone agar: Poor growth. 



Wort agar: White, round, raised colonies 

 1 mm in diameter. Good growth. Still better 

 growth where 2 per cent sucrose or yeast 

 extract with sucrose is added. Chalk may be 

 added to neutralize acid. 



Wort gelatin stab: Uniform growth in 

 stab; no surface growth. No liquefaction. 



Broth: Poor growth in peptone or yeast 

 extract broth unless sugars are added. 



Carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and some 

 lactic acid produced from glucose and 

 fructose but not from mannose. Ferments 

 sucrose usually after a somewhat prolonged 

 lag period. May produce as much as 10 per 

 cent alcohol. 



Catalase-positive. 



Anaerobic, although with a certain 

 oxygen tolerance of aerobic growth in the 

 presence of fermentable sugars. 



Optimum temperature, 30° C. 



Distinctive character: Apart from the 

 production of some lactic acid, the fermen- 

 tation resembles the alcoholic fermentation 

 produced by j'easts. 



Source : Isolated from the fermenting sap 

 (pulque) of Agave americana in Mexico and 

 from fermenting palm juice {Arenga sac- 

 charifera) in Sumatra and Java (Roelofsen, 

 Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor 

 Ned-. Indie, 101, 1941, 374). 



Habitat: Found in fermenting plant 

 juices in tropical countries (Mexico and 

 Indonesia). 



2. Zymomonas anaerobia (Shimwell, 

 1937) Kluyver, comb. nov. (Achromobacier 

 anaerobium Shimwell, Jour. Inst. Brewing, 

 43, 1937, 507; Saccharomonas anaerobia Shim- 

 well, op. cit., 56 (N. S. 47), 1950, 179 (type 

 species of genus Saccharomonas Shimwell).) 



an.a.e.ro'bi.a. Gr. pref. an not; Gr. 

 noun aer air; Gr. noun bins life; M.L. adj. 

 anaerobius not living in air. 



Rods, 1.0 to 1.5 by 2.0 to 3.0 microns, 

 plump with rounded ends. Cells occasionally 

 clump together to form rosette-like clusters. 

 Young cells actively motile with lophotri- 

 chous flagella, old cells become non-motile. 

 Not encapsulated. Gram-negative. 



Glucose-beer-gelatin stab: Dense, fili- 

 form to beaded growth in stab; no surface 

 growth. No liquefaction. 



* Prepared by Prof. A. J. Kluyver, Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Holland, December, 

 1953. 



