FAMILY IV. PSEUDOMONADACEAE 



207 



Bloch reports that sugars are utilized in 

 developing cell substances. Wattie finds that 

 there is evidence of slight acid production 

 from glucose, lactose, xylose and mannitol, 

 whereas Butterfield finds no action on all 

 sugars tested. In addition to the sugars 

 named above, these included sucrose, 

 arabinose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, 

 raffinose, melizitose, dextrin and salicin. 



Ptire-culture "activated sludges" formed 

 bj' this species have been shown to produce 

 a high rate of oxidation of the pollutional 

 material in sewage (synthetic and natural), 

 oxidizing about 50 per cent of the 5-day bio- 

 chemical oxygen demand in a 5-hour aera- 

 tion period and about 80 per cent in a 24- 

 hour interval. Nitrogenous materials are not 

 included in this oxidation as this species is 

 not capable of such action. 



Temperature relations: Optimum, be- 

 tween 28° and 30° C. Good growth at 20° and 

 at 37° C. Minimum, 4° C. 



Optimum pH, 7.0 to 7.4. 



Strict aerobe. 



Distinctive characters: Oxidizes sewage 

 and other organic solutions. Also see 

 McKinney and Horwood (Sewage and Ind. 

 Wastes, 2^, 1953, 117), who found other floc- 

 forming organisms besides Zoogloea ramigera 

 in activated sludge; these were identified 

 as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia intermedia, 

 Paracolohactrum aerogenoides and Nocardia 

 actinomorpha. A species of Flavobacterium 

 was also found in the floes in association 

 with these species. 



Source: Originally (1867) found in a cul- 

 ture of decomposing algae. It has been re- 

 peatedly found in materials containing de- 

 composing plant materials and sewage and 

 is especially common in the floes formed in 

 the activated sludge process of purifying 

 sewage. 



Habitat: Produces zoogloeal masses in 

 water containing decomposing organic mat- 

 ter. Common. 



2. Zoogloea filipendula Beger, 1928. 



(Kl. Mitt. d. Ver. f. Wasser-, Boden- und 

 Lufthyg., Berlin-Dahlem, 4, 1928, 143; also 

 see Beger, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 

 1949, 61.) 



fi.li.pen'du.la. L. nounfilum a thread; L. 

 adj. penduhis hanging down; M.L. adj. 

 filipendulus thread hanging down. 



Description prepared by Prof. H. Beger, 

 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. 



Cells coccoid (0.8 micron in diameter) to 

 rod-shaped (0.8 by 2.0 microns). The cells 

 are surrounded by a gelatinous mass which 

 varies in size from 1.5 to 2.0 by 4.5 cm and 

 which is composed of numerous, more or 

 less spherical masses 3 to 5 mm long. The 

 largest cells completely fill the newly formed 

 globules which lie at the end of filaments 

 hanging downward from zoogloeal masses 

 suspended from the under surface of pump 

 pistons and other submerged objects; the 

 cells in the older globules are smaller (0.4 

 by 0.7 micron) and are found near the sur- 

 face of the globule, the interior being rela- 

 tively free of cells. 



Several other bacteria are found in asso- 

 ciation with this species. As a result, the 

 gelatinous mass appears rust-colored (cov- 

 ered with iron bacteria) when found in acid 

 waters and grayish white when isolated from 

 water that is neutral. 



Nutrient gelatin: Only the small forms, 

 such as those found in older globules, are 

 able to grow on this medium. Substantial 

 growth occurs at the bottom of the stab in 

 48 hours. 



Source: Isolated from pump pistons and 

 other submerged objects from a waterworks 

 near Berlin. 



f Habitat: Found in water contaminated 

 with sewage or industrial wastes. 



Note: Species incertae sedis: For species 

 that resemble those placed in the genus 

 Zoogloea Cohn in many important respects, 

 see Nevskia ramosa Famintzin and Myco- 

 nostoc gregarium Cohn. Additional species 

 have also been placed in the genus Zoogloea. 



Genus XII. Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1940.* 



(Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jeru- 

 salem, 1940, V and 59; not Halibacterium Fischer, Ergebnis.se der Plankton-E.xpedition der 



* Prepared by Dr. B. Elazari-Volcani, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 

 Israel, February, 1955. 



