256 



ORDER I. PSEUDOMONADALES 



Gelatin stab: Growth along entire stab. 

 No liquefaction (Dimitroff, op. cit., 12, 

 1926, 31). Active liquefaction (Giesberger, 

 op. cit., 1936, 65). 



Agar colonies: Dew drop, convex, entire, 

 moist, colorless. 



Agar slant: Dew drop, isolated colonies. 



Broth: Cloudy, no flocculation. 



Uschinsky's protein-free medium: Abun- 

 dant growth. 



Litmus milk: No growth. 



Loeffler's blood serum: Convex, isolated 

 dew drop colonies. No liquefaction. 



Potato: No growth. 



Methyl red negative; acetylmethylcar- 

 binol not produced. 



Indole not produced. 



Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 



No acid or gas from carbohydrates. 



Lactates and citrates utilized (Giesberger, 

 loc. cit.). 



Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 



Aerobic, facultative. 



Optimum temperature, 35° C. 



Source: Isolated from mud on an oyster 

 shell. 



Habitat: Probably the muddy bottom of 

 brackish water. 



6. Spirillum minus Carter, 1888. (Car- 

 ter, Sci. Mem. Med. Officers Army India, 3, 

 1888, 45; Spirochaeta muris Wenyon, Jour. 

 Hyg., 6, 1906, 580.) 



mi'nus. L. comp.adj. minus less, smaller. 



Description taken from Adachi (Jour. 

 Exp. Med., S3, 1921, 647) and Giesberger 

 (Inaug. Diss., Delft, 1936, 67). 



Short thick cells, 0.5 by 3.0 microns, 

 having 2 or 3 windings which are thick, 

 regular and spiral. Actively motile by means 

 of bipolar tufts of flagella. Gram-negative. 



Has not been cultivated on artificial 

 media. 



Aerobic, facultative. 



Pathogenic for man, monkeys, rats, mice 

 and guinea pigs. 



This species is regarded by some as a 

 spirochaete. Because of its habitat and 

 wide distribution it has been described 

 under many different names. It is possible 

 that some of these names indicate varieties 

 or even separate species. See Beeson (Jour. 



Amer. Med. Assoc, 123, 1943, 332) for im- 

 portant literature. 



Source: Found in the blood of rats and 

 mice. 



Habitat: A cause of rat-bite fever. Widely 

 distributed. 



7. Spirillum kutscheri Migula, 1900. 

 {Spirillum undula majus Kutscher, Cent. f. 

 Bakt., I Abt., 18, 1895, 614; Migula, Syst. d. 

 Bakt., 2, 1900, 1024.) 



ku'tsche.ri. M.L. gen. noun kutscheri of 

 Kutscher; named for K. H. Kutscher, the 

 German bacteriologist who first isolated 

 this organism. 



Stout, spiral -shaped threads 1.5 microns 

 in diameter. Wave lengths, 10.5 to 12.5 mi- 

 crons; width, 3.0 to 4.5 microns. The spiral 

 form may be lost on continued cultivation. 

 Volutin granules present. Motile by means 

 of tufts of flagella at the poles. Gram-nega- 

 tive. 



Gelatin plate: Surface colonies are trans- 

 parent and round; deep colonies are dark 

 brown. 



Gelatin stab: Slow liquefaction. 



Agar colonies grow poorly; granular. 

 Deep colonies yellowish green to dark 

 brown. 



Agar slant: Delicate, transparent growth. 



Potato: Limited growth. 



Utilizes malic and succinic acids. 



Grows well on peptone broth. Also 

 utilizes ammonia compounds. 



Catalase-positive. 



Optimum temperature, between 22° and 

 27° C. 



Source: Isolated from putrid materials 

 and liquid manure. 



Habitat: Putrefying liquids. 



8. Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg, 1832. 

 (Prototype, Vibrio spirillum Miiller, Ani- 

 malcula infusoria et marina, 1786; Ehren- 

 berg, Physik. Abhandlungen d. k. Akad. 

 Berlin, 1832, 38.) 



vo'lu.tans. L. v. voluto to tumble about; 

 L. part. adj. volutans tumbling about. 



The largest of the spirilla; probably first 

 seen by Miiller. 



Spiral-shaped cells 1.5 microns in di- 

 ameter. Wave length, 13 to 14 microns; 



