332 



ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES 



tose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, rhamnose, 

 xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, sorbitol, 

 salicin, dulcitol, trehalose, inositol, cello- 

 biose, melezitose or adonitol. 



Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lac- 

 tose, dextrin, mannose, arabinose, rham- 

 nose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, 

 salicin, dulcitol, galactose, trehalose, 

 inositol, cellobiose, melezitose, adonitol, 

 glycogen, starch, chitin, asparaginate, 

 succinate, malate, fumarate (0.5 per cent), 

 lactate, pyruvate (0.3 per cent), acetate, 

 /3-alanine, glucosamine, ethanol, methanol 

 and tertiary' butanol are utilized as carbon 

 sources. Malonate, tartrate, citrate, levuli- 

 nate, propionate, salicylate, valerate, oxa- 

 late, butyrate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 

 per cent), n-amyl alcohol, n-propanol and 

 lumichrome are not utilized as carbon 

 sources. 



Starch is hydrolyzed. 



Chitin is hydrolyzed. 



Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 



Ammonia produced from peptone. 



Urease-negative. 



Casein is hj^drolyzed. 



Trimethj'lamine is produced from tri- 

 methjdamine oxide but not from choline or 

 betaine. 



Growth not inhibited by 10 per cent NaCl. 



Aerobic, facultative. 



Optimum temperature, between 20° and 

 30° C. Growth at 4° C. 



Source: Isolated from marine mud. 



Habitat: Found in sea water. 



Addendum: Species incertae sedis. Ben- 

 ton (Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 449) describes but 

 does not name 17 types of chitinovorous 

 bacteria isolated from water, mud and 

 plankton of fresh-water lakes, from decay- 

 ing May flj' nj^mph shells, intestinal con- 

 tents of fish, frogs, bats, snipe and craj'fish, 

 and from shore soil, composts, etc. Twelve 

 types are reported to be monotrichous, two 

 to be peritrichous, and the position of the 

 flagella is not given in three types. Of two 

 Gram-positive types, one may have been a 

 spore-former and the other an organism 

 belonging in the family Corynebacteriaceae. 

 Two of the 17 t3^pes digested cellulose. 



ZoBell and Rittenberg (Jour. Bact., 35, 

 1938, 275) isolated and studied but did not 

 name 31 cultures of chitinoclastic bacteria 

 from marine sources. Out of 16 cultures 

 studies intensively, all were Gram-nega- 

 tive. All but 4 of the 31 cultures were motile. 

 One culture was a coccus and two species 

 were vibrios. None of these cultures di- 

 gested cellulose. 



Hock (Jour. Marine Res., 4, 1941, 105) 

 describes two species of motile rods that 

 attack chitin without, however, determin- 

 ing the type of flagellation. If these species 

 are reisolated and found to be peritrichous, 

 they should be placed in the genus Beneckea 

 Campbell. 



In addition to the cultures described 

 above, Campbell and Williams (Jour. Gen. 

 Microbiol., 5, 1951, 894) isolated and de- 

 scribed three other chitinoclastic species 

 which they identified as belonging to the 

 genera Pseudomonas or Micrococcus. 



FAMILY IV. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE RAHN, 1937.* 

 (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 96, 1937, 280.) 



En.te.ro.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. noun enterobacterium an intestinal bacterium; -aceae 

 ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Enterobacteriaceae the family of the enterobac- 

 teria. 



Straight rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-negative. 

 Grow well on artificial media. All species attack glucose producing acid or acid and visible 



* The late Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, and Prof. 

 E. G. D. Murray, University of Western Ontario, Canada, have prepared the general sec- 

 tions for family Enterobacteriaceae, October, 1955. Other contributors, as noted, have pre- 

 pared the sections covering the various groups within this family. 



