356 



ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES 



carbinol not produced. Certain strains vary 

 with respect to these two characters. 



All strains produce acid and many pro- 

 duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, 

 arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac- 

 tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol, 

 mannitol and salicin. Ethanol (5 per cent), 

 dulcitol, erythritol and the sodium salts of 

 hippuric, malonic, tartaric and uric acids 

 are also utilized. 



Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not 

 attacked; pectates liquefied. 



Nitrites produced from nitrates. 



Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep- 

 tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but 

 not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti- 

 lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, 

 but tyrosine can not be so utilized. 



5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in- 

 hibits growth. 



Aerobic. 



Temperature relations: Optimum, ap- 

 proximately 27° C. ]\Iinimum, 6° C. Maxi- 

 mum, between 35° and 37° C. 



Pathogenicity: Causes a rapid soft rot of 

 roots, rhizomes, fruits and the fleshy stems 

 of a variety of plants. 



Source: Isolated from rotted carrots. 



Habitat: Causes a soft rot in carrot, cab- 

 bage, celery, cucumber, egg-plant, iris, 

 muskmelon, hyacinth, onion, parsnip, pep- 

 per, potato, radish, tomato, turnip and 

 other plants. 



12. Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall, 1902) 

 Jennison, 1923. {Bacillus atrosepticus van 

 Hall, Inaug. Diss., Amsterdam, 1902, 134; 

 Jennison, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 10, 

 1923, 43; Pectohacterium atrosepticum Patel 

 and Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, 

 80.) 



at.ro.sep'ti.ca. L. adj. afer black; Or. 

 adj. seplicus producing a putrefaction; 

 M.L. a.d]. atrosepticus producing a black rot. 



Description taken from Burkholder and 

 Smith (Phytopath., 39, 1949, 892). 



Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Motile 

 by means of 1 to 6 flagella; old cells are fre- 

 quently non-motile. No capsules observed. 

 Gram-negative. 



Gelatin: Liquefaction. 



Beef-extract peptone agar slants: Growth 



moderate, filiform, grayish white, iridescent 

 and butyrous. Medium unchanged. 



Broth: Moderately turbid with a slight 

 ring, seldom a slight pellicle; later a white 

 sediment. 



Litmus milk: Coagulation in 4 days. Lit- 

 mus reduced; slight separation of whey but 

 little or no peptonization. 



Potato plug: Slight growth. 



Endo agar: Colonies circular, at first 

 pink, later deep red with a metallic luster. 

 Medium turns red. 



Krumwiede's triple sugar agar: Yellow. 



Fermi's solution: Slight to no turbidity. 



Desoxycholate agar: Good growth. Colo- 

 nies pink. 



Indole not produced. 



Hydrogen sulfide not produced. 



All strains produce acid and many pro- 

 duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, 

 arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac- 

 tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol, 

 mannitol and salicin. 



Ethanol, dulcitol, erythritol and the 

 sodium salts of hippuric, malonic, tartaric 

 and uric acids are not utilized. Differs from 

 Erwinia carotovora in this respect. 



Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not 

 attacked; pectates liquefied. 



Methyl red positive; acetylmethylcar- 

 binol not produced. 



Nitrites produced from nitrates. 



Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep- 

 tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but 

 not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti- 

 lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, 

 but tyrosine can not be so utilized. 



5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in- 

 hibits growth. 



Aerobic. 



Temperature relations: Optimum, ap- 

 proximately 27° C. Minimum, 3° C. Maxi- 

 mum, between 32° and 35° C. 



Source: Isolated from the stems of pota- 

 toes affected with black-leg. 



Habitat : Causes a black rot on the stems 

 and tubers of potatoes and other vegetables. 



13. Erwinia ananas Serrano, 1928. (Ser- 

 rano, Philippine Jour. Sci., 36, 1928, 271; 

 Pecfobacterium ananas Patel and Kulkarni, 

 Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, 80.) 



