FAMILY XIIT. BACILLACEAE 



659 



27. Clostridium sporogenes (Metch- 

 nikoff, 1908) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus 

 sporogenes var. A, Metchnikoff, Ann. Inst. 

 Past., 22, 1908, 944; not Bacillus sporogenes 

 Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 560; Bergey 

 et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 329; not Clostri- 

 dium sporogenes Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 

 1920, 220.) 



spo.ro'ge.nes. Gr. noun sporus seed; M.L. 

 noun spora a spore; Gr. v. gennaio to pro- 

 duce; M.L. adj. sporogenes spore-producing. 



Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 7.0 microns, with 

 rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or, 

 less frequently, in short to long chains and 

 filaments. Spores ovoid, eccentric to sub- 

 terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means 

 of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. 



Gelatin: Liquefaction and blackening. 



Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, 

 irregular, transparent, becoming opaque, 

 yellowish white, fimbriate. 



Agar deep colonies: Woolly balls with 

 dense, nodular centers. 



Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular, 

 roughened, dry, cream-colored, with pre- 

 cipitate under colony and rarely spreading 

 beyond. A slight luster covers the colony 

 but does not extend beyond. 



Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish, opaque, 

 spreading growth. 



Broth: Turbid; gas is produced; putrid 

 odor. 



Litmus milk: Softly coagulated. Litmus 

 reduced. Slow peptonization, leaving a dark, 

 amber-colored liquid. 



Indole not produced (Hall, Jour. Inf. 

 Dis., 30, 1922, 482). Skatole produced. 



Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- 

 tose and maltose. Lactose, sucrose, salicin, 

 glj^cerol, mannitol and inulin not fermented. 

 (Records vary on many sugars.) 



Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent 

 (Reed, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 425). 



Atmospheric nitrogen not fixed (Rosen- 

 blum and Wilson, Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413). 



Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction. 



Blood agar: Hemolysis. 



Blood serum: Liquefied to a dark, putrid 

 liquid. 



Brain medium: Blackened and digested. 

 Foul odor. 



Meat medium: Reddened, then blackened 



and digested with foul odor. Gas is pro- 

 duced. 



Anaerobic. 



Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth 

 occurs at 50° C. 



Filtrate is non-toxic on injection or on 

 feeding. 



Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits 

 other than producing a slight, temporary, 

 local tumefaction. 



Source: Isolated from intestinal contents, 

 gaseous gangrene and from soil. 



Habitat : Common in soil , especially where 

 heavily manured. 



28. Clostridium parabotulinum Bengt- 

 son, 1924. (Bengtson, U. S. Public Health 

 Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 32; Types 

 A and B, Burke, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 556; 

 Clostridium botulinum Types A and B, Ber- 

 gey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 328.) 



pa.ra.bo.tu.li'num. Gr. pref. para be- 

 side, by; M.L. noun botulinum a specific 

 epithet; M.L. adj. parabotulinus (Clostri- 

 dium) botulinum-like . 



Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with 

 rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and 

 in short chains. Spores ovoid, subterminal, 

 distinctly swelling the cells. Motile by 

 means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-posi- 

 tive. 



Gelatin: Liquefaction. 



Liver agar surface growth (anaerobic) : 

 Profuse, moist. 



Liver agar deep colonies: Type A tend to 

 be restricted to compact discs, with sharp 

 outline and small, opaque nucleus at pe- 

 riphery. Type B tend rather to form loose, 

 woolly colonies (indicative only). 



Egg yolk agar surface colonies: (Types A 

 and B) Raised, irregularly edged, covered 

 with a luster which extends in a regular cir- 

 cle slightly beyond the colony edge and 

 area of precipitation under the colony and 

 luster zone. Radial striations not so marked 

 as with Clostridium noviji Bergey et al. 



Broth: Fairly abundant, diffuse turbidity. 

 Many strains spontaneously agglutinate. 



Liver broth: Luxuriantly turbid. Profuse 

 gas. 



Milk: Slight acidity; slow, curdling pre- 



