660 



ORDER IV. EUBACTERIALES 



cipitation with subsequent digestion and 

 darkening. 



Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt- 

 ose, dextrin, glycerol and salicin. Galactose, 

 sucrose, lactose, rhamnose, rafiinose, inulin, 

 adonitol, dulcitol, mannitol, xylose, arabi- 

 nose and inositol not fermented (Bengtson, 

 op. cit., 1924, 22-25). Fermentation records 

 are variable. 



Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction. Ac- 

 tion of Type B usually more marked than 

 that of Type A. 



Blood serum: Liquefaction. 



Brain medium: Blackened and digested 

 with putrefactive odor. 



Meat medium: Blackened and digested. 

 Putrefactive odor. Tyrosine crystals not 

 observed. 



Anaerobic. 



Optimum temperature, between 35° and 

 37° C. 



A powerful exotoxin is produced which is 

 neurotoxic both on injection and on feeding 

 and which is neutralized only by the homolo- 

 gous type antitoxin. Toxin production best 

 at about 28° C. 



Pathogenic for animals. 



Distinctive characters: This group com- 

 prises the putrefactive (ovolytic) species, 

 including strains commonly referred to as 

 Mem-phis and Canton (Type A), and Nevin 

 (Type B). Growth of these types is more 

 easily obtained than with the Clostridium 

 botulinwn strains, and the reactions are 

 more obvious. Types are identified chiefly 

 by protection tests with known-type anti- 

 toxin and, to a lesser extent, by agglutina- 

 tion. 



Comments: Many authors have ignored 

 the Bengtson system of classification and 

 thus have referred incorrectly to Clostridium 

 botulinum (q.v., comments) in reporting 

 data for the ovolytic types. Gunnison and 

 Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 43, 1929, 130) pro- 

 pose an intermediate group between Clos- 

 tridium botulinum and Clostridium para- 

 botulinum which they call Clostridium 

 metabotulinum. Such a group would pro- 

 visionally include certain European Type B 

 strains, the Australian Type C strain, cer- 

 tain American Type C strains and the South 

 African Type D strain. 



Source: Isolated chiefly from spoiled, 



non-acid, canned goods, from soil and from 

 silage. 



Habitat: Found rather widely dispersed 

 in soil. 



29. Clostridium caproicum Prevot, 

 1938. (Bacillus anaerobicus der Capronsaure- 

 gruppe, Rodella, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 

 16, 1906, 58; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 

 1938, 84; Bacillus anaerobicus caproicus Pre- 

 vot, Man. d. Class, et d. D^term. d. Bact. 

 Anaerob., 1940, 140.) 



ca.pro'i.cum. M.L. noun acidum capro- 

 icum caproic acid; M.L. adj. caproicus per- 

 taining to caproic acid. 



Straight rods, 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with 

 square ends. Spores ovoid, clostridial. Mo- 

 tile. Gram-positive. 



Gelatin: Liquefaction in 48 hours. 



Agar deep colonies: Woolly, arborescent. 



Liquid media: Filamentous growth with 

 viscous sediment. Gas produced with a fetid 

 odor. 



Milk: Digested in two to three days. 



Indole produced in small amounts. 



Hydrogen sulfide produced. 



Glucose, fructose, maltose and sorbitol 

 fermented. Lactose, galactose, sucrose, 

 mannitol, inulin and starch not attacked. 



Nitrites not produced from nitrates. 



Coagulated egg albunain : Slowly attacked 

 but not completely digested. 



Fibrin incompletely digested. 



Coagulated serum: Digested in three to 

 eight days. 



Anaerobic. 



Distinctive characters: Produces caproic 

 and acetic acids. Differs from Clostridium 

 kluyveri Barker and Taha, which does not 

 grow in the usual media. 



Source: Isolated from cheese. 



Habitat: Mud (Prevot, Zimmes, Peyre 

 and Lanthiez, Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 

 222). 



30. Clostridium saccharoacetoperbu- 

 tylicum Beesch, 1948. (Clostridium sac- 

 charo-acetoperbutylicum (sic) Beesch, U. S. 

 Letters Pat., 2,439,791, April 20, 1948.) 



sac.char.o.a.ce.to.per.bu.tyl'i.cum. Gr. 

 noun saccharum sugar; L. noun acidum aceti- 

 cum acetic acid; L. pref. per much, exceed- 

 ingly; L. adj. butylicus pertaining to the 



