FAMILY II. TREPONEMATACEAE 



899 



larity. Lashing movements are common in 

 drawn blood. Highly motile end portion 

 absent. Stain with the common aniline dyes; 

 violet with Giemsa's stain. Gram-negative. 



Growth occurs in ascitic or hydrocoel fluid 

 to which a piece of sterile rabbit kidney is 

 added. 



Bile salts (10 per cent) : Disintegration 

 of cells is complete. 



Saponin (10 per cent) : Cells are immo- 

 bilized in 30 minutes, then broken up in a 

 few hours. In some cases a skeletal struc- 

 ture remains. 



Optimum pH, between 7.2 and 7.4. 



Serum does not agglutinate Borrelia dut- 

 tonii. 



Disease in experimental animals (small 

 rodents after monkey passage) is mild. 



Transmission, accidental and experi- 

 mental, is by conjunctival sac and skin 

 abrasions. 



Arthropod vector is the louse (Pediculus 

 humanns subsp. humanus), which exhibits 

 normal transmission from the 16th to the 

 28th day. Found in ticks but not trans- 

 mitted by them. No evidence of hereditary 

 transmission in the louse. 



Habitat : Found as the cause of epidemic 

 relapsing fever. Transmissible to man and 

 monkeys and from monkej's to mice and 

 rats. 



3. Borrelia berbera (Sergent and Foley, 

 1910) Bergey et al., 1925. (Spirochaeta ber- 

 bera Sergent and Foley, Ann. Inst. Past., 

 S4, 1910, 337; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 

 1925, 435.) 



ber'be.ra. M.L. adj. berberus pertaining 

 to the Berbers; named for the Berbers, a 

 North African tribe. 



Cells are more tenuous than those of other 

 relapsing-fever organisms, measuring 0.2 

 to 0.3 by 12 to 24 microns. 



There is no record of cultivation. 



Antigenically distinct from Borrelia re- 

 cur rentis. 



Pathogenicity: Virulent for monkej's; 

 produces non-fatal infection in rats and 

 mice. 



Possibly carried by the louse (Pedicuhis 

 humanus subsp. humanus). 



Comment: Regarded by some investi- 



gators as identical with Borrelia recurrentis 

 Bergey et al. 



Source: From cases of relapsing fever 

 in Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. 



Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing 

 fever in North Africa. 



4. Borrelia carteri (Mackie, 1907) Ber- 

 gey et al., 1925. {Spirochaeta carteri Mackie, 

 Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., 1, 1907, 

 157; also see Indian Med. Gazette, U, 1908, 

 370; Bergey et al.. Manual, 2nd ed., 1925, 

 435.) 



car'te.ri. M.L. gen. noun carteri of Carter; 

 named for R. M. Carter, who, in 1879, de- 

 scribed this organism in the blood of pa- 

 tients with Indian relapsing fever. 



Morphologically similar to Borrelia ber- 

 bera. 



Cultivation not recorded. 



Immunologically, this is probably a dis- 

 tinct species. A succession of distinct ser- 

 ological types occurs with the relapse in a 

 single infection (Cunningham et al., Far 

 Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, 

 Tokyo, 1925; also see Indian Journal of 

 Medical Research, B2, 1934-1935, 105 and 

 595; and ibid., 24, 1937, 571 and 581). 



Carried by Pediculus humanus subsp. 

 humanus. 



Transmissible to monkeys, rabbits, rats 

 and mice. 



Comment: Regarded by some investi- 

 gators as identical with Borrelia recurrentis 

 Bergey et al. 



Habitat: Found as the cause of Indian 

 relapsing fever. 



5. Borrelia hispanica (de Buen, 1926) 

 Steinhaus, 1946. (Spirochaeta hispanica de 

 Buen, Ann. de Parasitol., 4, 1926, 185; Stein- 

 haus, Insect Microbiology, 1946, 453.) 



hi.spa'ni.ca. L. adj. hispanicus Spanish. 



Transmitted by Ornithodoros erraticus 

 (large form). 



Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for small lab- 

 oratory animals, especially the guinea pig. 



Habitat: Found as a cause of relapsing 

 fever in Spain, Portugal and northwest 

 Africa. 



6. Borrelia hcrnisii (Davis, 1942) Stein- 



