904 ORDER IX. SPIROCHAETALES 



Growth occurs under anaerobic condi- Source: From the blood of cattle, 



tions in the presence of tissue. Habitat: Found in the blood of cattle 



Habitat: Found in the blood and in in- and other mammals in South Africa, 

 testinal ulcers and other lesions of hogs suf- 

 fering from hog cholera. 28. Borrelia harveyi (Garnham, 1947) 



Davis, 1948. {Spirochaeta harveyi Garnham, 



27. Borrelia theileri (Laveran, 1903) East African Med. Jour., ^4, 1947 (January), 



Bergey et al., 1925. {Spirochaeta theileri 47; Davis, Ann. Rev. Microbiology, ^, 1948. 



Laveran, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, ^'^ 



136, 1903, 939; Bergey et al., Manual, 2nd 

 ed., 1925, 435.) 



thei'le.ri. M.L. gen. noun theileri of 

 Theiler; named for A. Theiler, who discov- 

 ered this organism in 1902 in Transvaal, 



har'vey.i. M.L. gen. noun harveyi of Har- 

 vey; named for A. E. C. Harvey. 



Arthropod vector is unknown; not trans- 

 mitted by Polyplax serrata, Pedicuhis hu- 

 mamis or Ornithodoros moubata. 



There is no cross immunity with Borrelia 



South Africa. duttonii or B. recurrentis. 



Cells, 0.25 to 0.3 by 20.0 to 30.0 microns, Pathogenicity: Pathogenic for rats, mice 



with pointed ends. and monkeys but not for rabbits or guinea 



Cultivation not recorded. pigs. Produces a mild infection in man. 



Immunologically distinct from the spe- Source: From the blood of a grivet mon- 



cies of this genus which infect man. key {Cercopithecus aethiops centralis) cap- 

 Transmitted by the tick (Rhipicephalus tured in the forest of Southern Mau, Kenya 



decoloratus) . Colony. 



Genus II. Treponema Schaudinn, 1905. 



(Schaudinn, Deutsche med. Wochnschr., SI, 1905, 1728; Spironema Vuillemin, 

 Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, HO, 1905, 1567.) 



Tre.po.ne'ma. Gr. v. trepo to turn; Gr. noun nema a thread; M.L. neut.n. Treponema a 

 turning thread. 



Cells, 3 to 18 microns in length, with acute, regular or irregular spirals; longer forms are 

 due to incomplete division. Terminal filament may be present. Some species stain only 

 with Giemsa's stain. Weakly refractive by dark-field illumination in living preparations. 

 Cultivated under strictly anaerobic conditions. Some are pathogenic and parasitic for man 

 and other animals. Generally produce local lesions in tissues. 



The type species is Treponema pallidum (Schaudinn and Hoffmann) Schaudinn. 



Key to the species of genus Treponema. 



I. From human sources. 



A. Do not cause pinta (spotted sickness). 



1. Not normally found in the human mouth. 



a. Cause definite venereal diseases, 

 b. Causes syphilis. 



1. Treponema pallidwn. 

 bb. Causes yaws (tropica frambesia). 



2. Treponema pertenue. 

 aa. Do not cause definite venereal diseases. 



b. Cells possess deep spirals. 



3. Treponema calligyrum. 

 bb. Cells possess shallow spirals. 



4. Treponema genitalis. 



2. Found in the human mouth. 



