REVIEW OF OTHER IhfVESTI CATIONS 



north of the Hawaiian Islands, and southward to Tubuai 

 Island, and eastward to Valparaiso. About eighty bot- 

 tom samples were collected during this part of the voy- 

 age. 



Other trips made at about the same period as that of 

 the Challenger were those of the U.S.S. Tuscarora. un- 

 der Commander Belknap (1874) in 1873 to 1878 through- 

 out the basins of the Pacific. Piano wire was first used 

 for deep-sea sounding work during these expeditions, 

 although previous experiments with it had been under- 

 taken by Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Only one 

 detailed description of any of the Tuscarora samples has 

 been published--a Globigerinaooze, collected in the cen- 

 tral Pacific just south of the equator, which was de- 

 scribed by Murray in 1906. All the samples collected by 

 this ship, however, were examined by Murray and 

 Renard, and the first knowledge of the belt of diatom 

 ooze which extends across the north Pacific was the re- 

 sult of the Tuscarora work. 



Another expedition contemporaneous with that of the 

 Challenger was the voyage of circumnavigation of the 

 German ship Gazelle in 1874 to 1876. The bottom de- 

 posits were described in some detail by von Gumbel 

 (1888), who gives many chemical analyses and lists of 

 the species of organic remains and of the minerals in 

 the samples. The course of the Gazelle in the south- 

 eastern Pacific, shown in chart 1, lay to the south of that 

 of the Carnegie . 



During the next decade the U.S.S. Enterprise (1883- 

 1886), on a cruise that included all the oceans, made an 

 important collection of bottom deposits from the south 

 central Pacific some of which were described in detail 

 later by Murray (1906). The samples described by him, 

 however, were collected to the southwest of the area in- 

 vestigated by the Carnegie and are not considered in this 

 report. The Russian ship Vitiaz, under Makaroff, made 

 a voyage around the world between 1886 and 1889. Some 

 bottom samples were collected in the shallow waters of 

 the northwestern Pacific. The organisms which these 

 samples contained are described in Makaroff' s account 

 of the voyage (1894). Between 1882 and 1885 the Italian 

 ship Vettor Pisani carried out observations in the cen- 

 tral Pacific. Picaglia (1893) listed the foraminifera ob- 

 tained in dredgings at three stations, but the writer has 

 found no reference to descriptions of the bottom sam- 

 ples. 



During this time the British surveying ships H.M.S. 

 Egeria (1887-1889), Rambler (1888-1904), Dart (1888- 

 1902), Alert (1880), and the S.S. Britannia (1888-1907) 

 and other cable ships also began a long period of sound- 

 ings in the Pacific. Later H.M.S. Waterwitch (1894- 

 1901) and Penguin (1890-1906) carried out deep-sea 

 soundings in the Pacific. The earlier samples collected 

 by these expeditions were examined by Murray and 

 Renard in their preparation of the Challenger report and 

 some of the later samples collected by the survey ships 

 were described by Murray in 1906. Peake directed the 

 work of the Britannia during the year 1901; 597 samples 

 collected by Peake in the southwestern Pacific were 

 studied by Murray, and some of them were described by 

 him in 1902. Those samples described by Murray in 

 1902 and 1906, which were collected from the area tra- 

 versed by the Carnegie, are indicated on chart 1. In 1891 

 the U.S.S. Alert . under Wainwright, made soundings and 

 collected bottom samples in the Bering Sea and in the 

 northwestern Pacific. Cushman (1910-1916) has de- 

 scribed the foraminifera from these samples. 



Between 1888 and 1897 the United States Fish Com- 

 mission steamer Albatross made a very large number 

 of soundings and collected samples from the sea bottom 

 off the west coast of North and South America, in the 

 Gulf of Alaska, in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, 

 and between California and Hawaii. Alexander Agassiz 

 directed the work of this vessel during the exploration 

 of the Panamic region in 1891 and published a brief de- 

 scription of the nature of the bottom in his report (1892). 

 Later, in 1899 to 1900, the Albatross conducted oceano- 

 graphic observations from San Francisco to Tahiti and 

 thence to the Fiji, Gilbert, Marshall, and Caroline archi- 

 pelagoes, and to Japan. In 1904 the Albatros s again un- 

 dertook explorations in the southeast Pacific. Murray 

 and Lee (1909) reported in detail on the 343 bottom de- 

 posits collected during the latter two expeditions, al- 

 though Agassiz (1906) had previously described the 

 general character of the bottom and the nature, extent, 

 and amount of the bottom faunas. These two cruises of 

 the Albatross resulted in a great extension of knowledge 

 concerning many aspects of the southeast Pacific. An 

 example is the development of the widespread Globiger- 

 ina ooze area of this region which previously had been 

 supposed to be underlain largely by red clays. As will 

 be shown in a subsequent section, the area of Globigerina 

 ooze was even further enlarged by the work of the Car - 

 negie . Agassiz also pointed out the close correlation be- 

 tween the quantity of surface plankton as it is affected 

 by marine currents and the amount of the benthonic fau- 

 na. The routes of the expeditions of the Albatross from 

 1899 to 1900 and in 1904 are shown on chart 1. 



In 1899 the U.S.S. Nero , under Belknap and Hodges, 

 while engaged in the survey of a route for a transpacific 

 cable, made soundings at average intervals of 10 miles 

 between Honolulu, the Philippine Islands, and Japan. 

 Many soundings were made in very deep water, including 

 one at 5269 fathoms which was the deepest cast that had 

 been made up to that time. About 150 of the samples 

 collected were briefly described by Flint (1905). He 

 designated some of the samples as diatom oozes, stating 

 that they contain abundance of the frustules of the large 

 Coscinodiscus rex . Murray (see Murray and Hjort, 1912), 

 who later examined these samples, declared them to be 

 identical with what he considered radiolarian ooze. On 

 the other hand, as will be shown later, even the deposits 

 from the Pacific north of Japan, which were called dia- 

 tom oozes by Murray and Renard, contain a large pro- 

 portion of radiolaria. The route traversed by the Nero 

 in the area covered by the Carnegie is shown in chart 1. 



During the years 1899 to 1900 the Dutch steamer 

 Siboga (see Weber, 1902) collected many bottom sam- 

 ples in the seas surrounding the EHitch East Indies; 

 these were later described by Boggild (1916) and the 

 results discussed by Molengraaff (1916, 1922, 1930). 

 The German ships Edi, Stephan (1905-1911), and Planet 

 (1906-1914), during the course of expeditions throughout 

 the great oceanic basins, collected Ixjttom samples from 

 the western Pacific between the Philippine Islands and 

 Japan. Several of these samples were collected from the 

 great foredeeps of the island arcs of the region and, ac- 

 cording to Andree (1920), were found by Horn to be of 

 terrigenous type in spite of the immense depths. This 

 fact is not surprising when it is considered that the 

 slope from land to the bottom of these deeps is often as 

 much as 1 in 6. AndrSe believes that submarine land- 

 sliding has played a considerable role in the formation 

 of the deposits of the great abysses. 



