16 



WORK OF THE CARNEGIE AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE SCIENTIFIC CRUISES 



thus forcing the lower stapljs out and the weights fall 

 free. The snapper is driven into the ground with such 

 force by the 60-pound weight that it has never failed to 

 release the catches and it has come up full and closed. 

 At two stations, the snapper was sent down twice, and 

 was successful each time. Because of drift and limited 

 length of wire, no bottom sample was attempted on the 

 days of high wind and rough seas. There is an economy 

 of time, power, and personnel in using the main winch 

 for the bottom sampling instead of a separate machine. 

 The only delay is on occasions when the pump could 

 come up sooner, but must wait until the bottom sample 

 is ready to come up. 



The atmospheric-electric work has suffered some 



interruption because of bad weather, particularly in the 

 few eye -reading diurnal-variation runs obtained. Un- 

 usually good potential gradient traces were secured, 

 however, in spite of the foggy, misty, rainy weather. 



Radio conditions were good and schedules were 

 maintained every night. Exceptional cooperation has 

 been shown by our amateur friends, and especially by 

 the "San Francisco Examiner" radio station KUP. 



The following observations were made during the 

 period June 24 to July 28: 40 declination measurements, 

 18 inclination and horizontal intensity measurements, 2 

 atmospheric-electric series, 26 complete potential gra- 

 dient records, 12 pilot-balloon flights, 17 ocean stations, 

 and 166 sonic depths. 



SAN FRANCISCO, CAUFORNIA TO HONOLULU, HAWAH, SEPTEMBER 3 TO 23, 1929 



There were three new members of the scientific 

 staff when the Carnegie sailed from San Francisco on 

 September 3. Scott E. Forbush replaced O. W. Torre - 

 son, H. W. Graham replaced H. R. Seiwell, and S. L. 

 Seaton replaced radio operator L. A. Jones (fig. 32). 



The entire trip of twenty days was characterized by 

 light airs and calms, with only a few days of regular 

 trade wind, the northeast trade wind not appearing until 

 September 17. The extremes in daily run were 66 to 

 177 miles, the average being 108.8 miles. The engine 

 was used frequently. The new ball-bearing friction band 

 on the winch, installed at San Francisco, has proved en- 

 tirely successful. Several deep water-bottle series 

 were sent down and brought up without any overheating 

 or difficulty. 



The new pelican bottom snapper was successful on 

 the first trial. On another occasion apparently it struck 

 a whale at about 500 meters. On two occasions, the 

 spring was not tight enough and the pressure of the 

 water on the inside of the jaws as the snapper went 

 down rapidly was sufficient to open them, allowing the 

 tongue catches to fall down and close the snapper, so 

 that when it struck bottom it was closed. Enough mud 

 was secured from the outside of the jaws to examine for 

 classification. The snapper came up full on four occa- 

 sions, yielding about one and one -quarter liters of ma- 

 terial, one sample weighing nearly two kilograms. It is 

 expected that one hundred per cent efficiency with this 

 snapper will be had after final adjustments. 



A peak or mountain which existing charts show at 

 32f 2 north and 128.°2 west, with a depth of fifty-eight 

 hundred feet of water over it, was relocated thirty miles 

 northeast of the above position, or at 32°4 north and 

 127i'8 west, and with a least depth of forty-six himdred 

 feet. We have named it Hayes Peak in honor of Dr. Har- 

 vey C. Hayes of the Naval Research Laboratory, Wash- 

 ington, D. C, who developed the sonic depth finder for 

 the United States Navy. The slopes of the mountain are 

 very steep, dropping off over eighty-five hundred feet in 



six mUes. The peak rises out of a general depth of over 

 fourteen thousand feet. Thus the peak is about ten thou- 

 sand feet in height. The absence of soundings south and 

 east allows the possibility of its being a ridge instead of 

 an isolated peak. 



The new balloon theodolite received at San Francis- 

 co is a decided improvement over the first one. The 

 larger field of view permits keeping the balloon in sight 

 continuously until it disappears owing to distance. The 

 new sextant chair was used on several occasions to ex- 

 tend the time of observed flight, the time being as long 

 as fifty-nine minutes on one occasion. As the supply of 

 six-inch, uncolored balloons was low, it was necessary 

 to use black balloons on several occasions, but their 

 visibility was so poor that nine-inch uncolored balloons 

 were used after that. 



The regular program of observations was carried 

 out and included 10 ocean stations, 9 stations for dip and 

 intensity, 27 stations for declination, 96 sonic depths, 11 

 potential gradient and 10 conductivity records, 14 pilot- 

 balloon flights, and 5 evaporation series. 



The gravity apparatus which had been installed at 

 San Francisco (figs. 33 and 34) worked successfully on 

 only one occasion. Forbush made several attempts to 

 obtain gravity determinations while at sea, but most of 

 these were unsuccessful because the amplitudes of the 

 pendulums got too large and in some instances there was 

 actual slipping of the knife-edges. Several factors were 

 thought to cause the increase in amplitudes of the pendu- 

 lums; horizontal acceleration due to rolling of the ship, 

 horizontal accelerations due to surface waves striking 

 the hull of the ship, and elastic vibrations of parts of the 

 apparatus or its support. Bracing of the gimbal frame 

 of the gravity apparatus was tried but no improvement 

 in operation was noted. 



The vessel arrived at Honolulu at noon, Monday, 

 September 23, after an unusually quiet approach the 

 previous night. 



