36 



WORK OF THE CARNEGIE AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE SCIENTIFIC CRUISES 



apparatus. Our chronometers lie in a row on green 

 cushions under the bookshelves, with time-signal head- 

 gear hanging above them. The constant -speed motor is 

 here, with its shaft running forward to the earth induc- 

 tor. A barograph gives us a continuous record of 

 changes in atmospheric pressure. And wedged between 

 the dining table and the bookshelves is the complicated 

 pendulum apparatus for measuring the force of gravity 

 at sea. 



This no doubt is the most delicate device on board. 

 It has long been known that, in general, gravitational at- 

 traction varies with latitude, but certain irregularities 

 which occur in the force of gravity over the face of the 

 earth still await explanation. Many determinations have 

 been made on land, but only recently have successful 

 attempts been made to measure the mysterious force at 

 sea. Dr. Vening Meinesz of Holland, who designed this 

 instrument, used it on a circumnavigation cruise in a 

 submarine; and the United States Navy also loaned a 

 similar vessel for this purpose. A subsurface ship is 

 free from the disturbing motion of the waves, and is 

 much better suited to these studies than the Carnegie , 

 although it was hoped that with smooth seas useful re- 

 sults might be obtained, even on a surface vessel. 



Below the cabin and under the staterooms are water 

 tanks, specimen bottles, preservatives, tents, a diving 

 helmet, and a general assortment of ship's gear. The 

 wooden water tanks keep our fresh water very sweet 

 even on such long stretches as from Panama to Callao, 

 some three months at sea. The supply is carefully ra- 

 tioned, and a reserve tank always kept for emergencies. 

 Each receives about two quarts of fresh water daily for 

 washing hands and face, and the steward issues all that 

 is needed for the galleys. Every man is entitled to afuU 

 bucket once a week for washing clothes, or for a fresh- 

 water bath. On the shorter trips there is an abundance 

 for all hands, but when rationing is strict we rely on 

 rain squalls. 



The galley for the staff mess lies just abaft the cab- 

 in. It is always the center of attraction for feminine 

 visitors, for they all wish to see what a nonmagnetic 

 kitchen looks like. The kerosene stove is bronze, and 

 all kettles and pans are either of copper or aluminum. 

 On earlier cruises the cook's knives and the table cut- 

 lery were placed in the lazarette during magnetic obser- 

 vations; later it was found that this small amount of 

 magnetic material did not have any effect on the instru- 

 ments situated in the domes. A small electric refriger- 

 ator is set back in a recess from the after galley. It 

 serves to keep us in fresh food for only about a week 

 after leaving port. Still, it is good to have cool water to 

 drink for the remainder of the trip. 



We now walk past the "office" on the opposite side 

 of the companionway. Files of scientific records, cor- 



respondence, and accounts line the walls and smother 

 the deck. There are also comptometers, typewriters, 

 drafting instruments, and cupboards filled with blank 

 forms for the observations. The bathroom is situated 

 abaft the office. A great porcelain tub filling haU the 

 room serves chiefly as a place to drain rain-soaked 

 clothes, since we all prefer to take salt-water baths 

 from a shower on deck. 



Those who are interested in machinery might go up 

 to the quarter-deck and descend through the hatch to the 

 engine room. The main engine is cast of bronze. It 

 originally operated on gas produced from coal, but later 

 was adapted to the use of gasoline for fuel. In fact, the 

 Carnegie was the first ocean vessel equipped with a 

 "gas-producer." It could take the ship 144 miles a day 

 without the use of sails, on seven dollars worth of coal. 



A small auxiliary gasoline engine connected to an 

 electric generator furnishes power for our oceanographic 

 and magnetic operations, as well as for radio, lighting, 

 sounding, and recording instruments. Large storage 

 batteries are provided, since the demand for electric 

 current is very heavy for such a small vessel. As a 

 matter of fact, a considerable part of the gasoline fuel 

 we carry is devoted to electric requirements. 



Switch panels for the sonic depth finder, radio gen- 

 erator, and bronze winch, line the walls. A machine 

 shop, containing a lathe, leads off to one side while the 

 photographic darkroom is wedged in between the gaso- 

 line tanks and the battery recess. A sail locker and 

 storage space for spare instrumental equipment also are 

 accessible from the engine room. 



It is always a relief to leave the engine room, for it 

 is infernally hot. We ascend to the quarter-deck, step 

 down into the waist of the ship on the port side, and enter 

 the radio cabin. A short-wave experimental receiving 

 set, built for us by the United States Naval Research 

 Laboratory, brings us time signals, weather reports, 

 and news from home. Our transmitter is powerful 

 enough to keep us in communication with the United 

 States almost every day, through the cooperation of am- 

 ateurs. Special apparatus for making investigations of 

 radio signal- strength is set up on the workbenches. The 

 equipment is very complete, because the radio operator 

 has a unique opportunity for studying radio conditions at 

 sea; he can correlate variations of signal-intensity with 

 magnetic and atmospheric-electric changes. Regular 

 short-wave schedules give us information about radio 

 "skip-distances" over the oceans. 



The American Radio Relay League with headquarters 

 in Hartford recommended our first operator, Mr. Jones, 

 and cooperated with us throughout the whole voyage. 

 The value to us cannot be exaggerated of the services 

 rendered by hundreds of amateurs throughout the world. 



