THE SEA FISHERIES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 53 
the traps and pounds. The white fish exhibit a very decided tendency 
to enter the mouths of rivers on this occasion, especially in Lake Su- 
perior and Hudson Bay. Detroit River is an especially favorite spawn- 
ing-ground. Indeed, the whitefish might with eminent propriety be 
classed among the anadromous fish of the fresh waters, like the land- 
locked salmon, the blue-back trout of Rangeley Lake, &e. The spawn- 
ing along the shores of lakes at all may be due to their being barred out 
from the rivers by artificial or other obstructions. 
We may possibly place in this ‘schedule the Capelin (Mallotus villo- 
sus), Which is exclusively northern, and the Tomcod, although the lat- 
ter sometimes enters fresh water to spawn, and may almost be entitled 
to a position in the first division, perhaps near the smelt. 
(4) Offshore fish.—Not schooling at the surface; usually spawning 
in the deep seas, for the most part during the late autumn or winter, 
though generally resorting to rocks and banks, and sometimes near the 
shore for the purpose; never swimming at the surface, and their pres- 
ence only to be determined by actual capture. During the winter they 
range considerably farther south than in summer. Of these may be 
mentioned the cod, the hake, the haddock, and most other Gadidw 
except the pollock. The pollock, belonging to the cod family, is more . 
of a surface fish, and is very often seen swimming or schooling near the 
top of the water. Insomerespects the halibut belongs in this division. 
(5) Pelagic or wandering jish—Usually surface swimmers, and for 
the most part regular migrants in large bands or schools from north to 
south in autumn and from south to north in spring; not at all regular, 
however, in their movements, and sometimes, for one cause or another, 
disappearing gradually or suddenly from a certain region, not to return 
again until the lapse of many years. Some, as the herring, the blue- 
fish, and the menhaden, are autumn and winter spawners; the others 
lay their eggs, as far as we know, in summer or spring. It is among 
‘the fish of this group that we find, with the exception of the Gadida, 
the most important of all the sea fish in the entire northern hemisphere, 
whether we consider the number of fish taken, their excellence and high 
price, or the amount of capital and number of hands employed in their 
capture. They belong almost exclusively to the Clupeide (the herring 
family) or to the Scombride (the mackerel family). Two species of the 
former group, the shad and the alewife, have been fully considered 
under the first head, while no species of the second family belong else- 
where. The principal species are the following: 
The Sea Herring. The Cero. 
The Menhaden or Pogy. The Bonito. 
The Common Mackerel. The Tunny or Horse Mackerel. 
The Chub Mackerel. The Swordfish. 
The Spanish Mackerel. The Bluefish. 
(6) Deep-sea fish We have already reterred to this group under the 
head of relationships. How far they can be considered as migrants is 
