[69] FLOUNDERS AND SOLES. 293 
Pleuronectes luscus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., iii, 427, 1811 (Black Sea). ‘‘ Nordmann, 
in Demidoff, Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 53 2, Pisc., , tab. 27” (Black Sea). Giinther, 
iv, 452 (copied). 
Pleuronectes carnaria Brown, ‘ Edinburgh Journal, Nat. and Geol., ii, 99, t. ii” (al- 
bino example), 1830. 
' Platessa melanogaster Higgins, ‘‘ Zoologist, xiii, 1855, 4596 ” (doubled example). 
Pleuronectes bogdanovi Sandeberg, Bull. Sci. Mosc., lii, pt. 2, p. 236, 1878 (White Sea). 
Flesus vulgaris Moreau, Poiss. de France, 1881, iii, 299. 
N b. Var. glabra. 
Platessa glabra Rathke, Fauna der Krym., 352, 1837 (Crimea). 
Platessa passer Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pesci, 1838-1840. 
Pleuronectes italicus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, 452 (Dalmatia). 
Habitat.—All coasts of Kurope, ascending the streams; the typical 
form in northern Europe; var. glabra in the Mediterranean, 
This small species is the common “flounder” or “fluke” of Europe. It 
is almost everywhere very abundant, but it is held in low esteem as a 
food-fish. It reaches a length of less than a foot. Our specimens of the 
typical form, flesus, are from the markets of Paris, but we have examined 
others from various localities in northern Europe. The form ealled 
lusca, from the Black Sea, we have not seen, and do not know whether 
it differs at all from the typical flesus or not. 
The common Mediterranean form called glabra (italica) differs a good 
deal in appearance from the ordinary jflesus, but this difference lies 
mainly in the greater smoothness of the scales about the head. 
The numerous specimens before us from Venice and Trieste differ 
from those of flesus only in the entire absence of the stellate tubercles 
which cover the head and the neighborhood of the lateral line in that 
species. Steindachner regards the two as unquestionably identical. 
Still it seems best to regard them as distinct subspecies, especially as 
no intermediate specimens have come to our notice. Rathke’s descrip- 
tion of Platessa glabra evidently belongs to the form called italicus 
by Dr. Giinther. Rathke’s lusca agrees with the typical flesus. The 
Pleuronectes bogdanovi of Sandeberg from the White Sea seems to be 
nearly the same as the typical flesus. It is said to be deeper (depth 2 
in length), smoother, with shorter pectorals (2 in head). Teeth trun- 
cate, close-set. Body smooth, except for a row-of tubercles on eyed 
side on bases of dorsal and ia and two or three similar rows on front 
of lateral line. D, 53 to 56; A, 37 or 38. 
Genus XXXV.—LIOPSETTA. 
Liopsetta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 217 (glaber) (females). 
Euchalarodus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 222 (putnami) (males). 
TypPE: Platessa glabra Storer = Luchalarodus putnami Gill. 
This genus comprises one, two, or three species of small flounders of 
the Arctic seas. The genus is distinguished by the large, half-united 
pharyngeals, as also by the peculiar squamation, the scales in the males 
being very rough, in the females smooth. ‘This difference has given rise 
