[77] FLOUNDERS AND SOLES. 301 
Pleuronectes nigromanus Nilsson, ‘‘ Prodr. Ichth., Scand., 1832, 55.” 
Platessa elongata Yarrell, ‘‘ Supplement Brit. Fish., 1839.” 
Pleuronectes elongatus Giinther, iv, 450 (copied). 
Glyptocephalus elongatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, 362. 
Glyptocephalus acadianus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, 360 (Nova Scotia). 
Habitat.—North Atlantic, chiefly in deep water, south to Cape Cod 
and France. 
This species is found in rather deep water on sandy bottoms. It 
_reaches a length of 12 to 18 inches. It is considered’a fair food-fish. 
The nominal species, acadianus and elongatus, have been shown by 
Goode and Bean to be identical with cynoglossus. Beyond this the 
synonymy needs no special remarks. : 
This flounder has been taken in great numbers with the beam trawl 
in deep water off our New England coast. It is pronounced by the U. 
S. Fish Commission to be not inferior as a food-fish to the European 
sole. 
91. GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS. 
Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, p. 88 (San Francisco), 
Lockington, Rep. Com. Fisheries California, 1878-79, p. 42 (off Point Reyes). 
Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, p.453 (San Francisco; Mon- 
terey Bay). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 68 (San Fran- 
cisco; Monterey). Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1882, p. 838. Jordan, 
Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim., 1884, 1838 (deep waters about San Francisco), 
Habitat.—Deep waters of the Northern Pacific; thus far known only 
from about San Francisco. 
This species is a thin, dry flounder, reaching a length of something 
over a foot. It is taken in the sweep-nets in deep water about San 
Francisco, and thus far has been known from uo other locality. It is 
readily known by its long pectoral fin. 
Genus XXXIX.—SOLEA. 
Solea Klein, Pisces (non-binomial). 
Solea Quensel, Vet. Akad. Handl., 1806, 230 (solea). 
Pegusa Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1862. iv, 462 (aurantiaca). 
TYPE: Solea vulgaris Quensel= Pleuronectes solea L. 
As now understood by us, this genus includes some six or seven 
species of soles, most of them belonging to the European fauna. The 
genus is distinguished especially in the group to which it belongs by the 
elongate body, this elongation being connected with a much increased 
number of vertebrae. The soles of this genus are the only ones having 
much value as food. They reach a considerably larger size than any 
others of the species found in America or Europe, and as food-fishes 
they are especially excellent. The European sole (Solea solea) is the 
most highly esteemed of them all. 
_ The subgenus Pegusa cannot well be separated from the true soles, 
as Solea klein is intermediate between the two groups. 
In the waters of the East Indies the related genus Pardachirus Giin- 
ther (= Achirus Kaup, not Cuvier) takes the place of Solea. Its species 
