430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88] 
Were it not that the Sciznoid fauna of South America is chiefly dif- 
ferent from that of North America, we should scarcely hesitate to place 
martinicensis in the synonymy of americanus. Umbrina januaria is ap- 
parently based on the specimens from Rio Janeiro examined by us. 
Umbrina gracilis was based on the dried skin of a young example, dis- 
torted and varnished. 
Umbrina arenata, as described by Cuvier & Valenciennes, does not 
differ at all from J. martinicensis. As described by Dr. Giinther, the 
scales are 72 to 78 in arenata. It is evident, however, that Giinther 
has counted not the pores, but the number of vertical series of scales, 
and these range from 70 to 80 in nearly all of our species, the number 
exceeding the number of pores by about 20, and similarly exceeding 
the number of oblique series. We see no reason, therefore, for not 
placing arenata in the synonymy of martinicensis. 
100. MENTICIRRHUS AMERICANUS. 
(THE CAROLINA WHITING.) 
[Plate VIII. ] 
Alburnus americanus (the Whiting) Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolinas, ete., pl. 12, f. 2 
(Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 195). 
Cyprinus americanus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 321, 1758 (based on the Whiting of 
Catesby) (not Cyprinus americanus of the twelfth edition, which is a Cyprinoid, 
Notemigonus bosci Cuv. & Val.). 
Perca alburnus Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 482, 1886 (on specimens sent from Charles- 
ton by Dr. Garden). Schépf, Schrift. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, viii, 162, 
1788. Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 87, 1801. 
Centropomus alburnus Lacépeéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 249, 257, 264, 1802. 
Sciena alburnus Gronow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 51, 1854 (South Carolina). 
Umbrina alburnus Cuvier & Valenciennes, v, 180, 1830 (in part). Holbrook, Ichthyol. 
8. Carolina, 136, plate 20, fig. 2, 1856 (South Carolina). Giinther, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus., ii, 275, 1860. " 
Menticirrhus alburnus Uhler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 101, 1876 (Chesapeake 
Bay). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 378 (Beaufort). Goode, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879,113 (Saint John’s River, Florida). Goode & Bean, 
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 1382 (Pensacola). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus., 1882, 282 (Galveston). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
1882, 606 (Charleston). Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. North Am., 577, 1883; 
Goode, Hist. Aquat. Anim., 376, plate 127 b, 1884. Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus., 1885, 202 (Linnean types). Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 94, 
1885 (name only). 
Umbrina phalena Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 167 (Indianola, Brazos 
Santiago). Girard, U.S. and Mex. Bound. Sevier 13, 1859. 
Habitat—South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, 
Chesapeake Bay to Texas. 
This species is very common on the sandy coasts of our Southern 
States, where it is a food-fish of some importance. 
As elsewhere stated, this may be identical with the South American 
Menticirrhus martinicensis, 
