INSECTS AND ALLIES (ARTHROPODA) 



153 



TABLE 1 (cont'd) 



Family SCIARIDAE (cont'd) 



Corynoptera latisfyhta (Hardy, 1956): Steffan, 1969. 



Plastosciara latipons Hardy, 1956: Steffan, 1969. 

 Family STRATIOMYIDAE 



Brach\^cara ventralis Thomson, 1869: James, 1962. 

 Family SYRPHIDAE 



Ishiodon scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805): Shiraki, 1963. 

 Family TIPULIDAE 



Lirnonia (Dicranomi^ia) pectinunguis Tokunaga, 1940: Alexander, 1972. 

 Order HYMENOPTERA 



Family ANTHOPHORIDAE 



* Xy/ocopa sonorina Smith, 1879. 

 Family BRACONIDAE 



Zele sp.: Townes, 1946 

 Family EULOPHIDAE 



Hewiptarsenus semialbiclauus (Girault, 1916): Yoshimoto and Ishii, 1965. 

 Family EVANIIDAE 



'Szepligetella sericea (Cameron, 1883). 

 Family FORMICIDAE 



Monomohum pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758): Townes, 1946. 

 Family ICHNEUMONIDAE 



Echthromorpha agrestoria insidiator (Smith, 1863): Townes, 1958. 

 Family MEGACHILIDAE 



Megacbile diligens hed/eyi Rainbow, 1897: Krombein, 1950. 



Megacbile (Eutricharaea) fullawavi Cockerell, 1914: Krombein, 1950. 

 Family SPHECIDAE 



'Chalvbion bengalense (Dahlbom, 1845). 



Pison punctifrons Shuckard, 1838: Krombein, 1949. 



Solierelh peckhami (Ashmead, 1897). 



Solierelh rohweri (Bridwell, 1920): Krombein, 1949. 

 Tachysphex bengalensis Cameron, 1889. 

 Family VESPIDAE 

 'Odi^nerus sp. 



Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille, 1812): Townes, 1946. 

 'Polistes fuscatus aurifer (Saussure, 1853). 

 'Ropalidia marginata (Lepeletier, 1836), 



'New Enewetak record. 



expect fewer indigenous insect species on Enewetak than 

 on, for instance, Arno Atoll. However, the introduction of 

 exotic plant and insect species on Enewetak complicates 

 the picture. 



The most notable aspect concerning the environment at 

 Enewetak is obviously the man-made alterations and distur- 

 bances over many parts of the atoll. These had extreme 

 impacts on the indigenous biota and tended to become 

 more severe as the sequence of human occupation pro- 

 gressed on the atoll. The advent of Micronesians and the 

 development of a native culture were followed by coloniza- 

 tion and by trade with non-Micronesian elements. Thus, at 

 least certain islets were affected by the changes associated 

 with the earlier phases of human occupation, including the 

 establishment of copra plantations. The later periods 

 included construction of military bases and air fields, war- 

 fare, cleanup operations following warfare, and testing of 

 nuclear devices and associated activities. The devastation 

 by warfare that occurred on certain islets during World 

 War II was subsequently magnified by applications of insec- 



ticides (Townes, 1946) and cleanup operations in which 

 entire islets were cleared by bulldozing. One of the early 

 programs of the U. S. military was to establish vegetative 

 growth on the bare sand to hold it down (Bryan, 1944; 

 personal communication). 



The postwar testing of nuclear devices accounted for 

 further and sometimes complete devastation of certain 

 islets. Some sites were also bulldozed following tests. All 

 these postwar activities and the traffic of personnel and 

 materials, mainly through Hawaii, facilitated the importa- 

 tion of exotic plants and insects. Many species of plants 

 were intentionally introduced or reintroduced to Enewetak 

 from nursery stock via Kwajalein (Fosberg, 1959). Over 50 

 species of exotic plants were reported for Enewetak during 

 that period (St. John, 1960) marking a dramatic increase 

 of exotics over previous periods when, for example, only 

 24 exotics were estimated for a lusher part of the Marshall 

 Islands (Arno) in 1850 (Hathaway, 1953). The plants in 

 some measure may serve as an indication of the numbers 

 of insects and related groups that were also introduced to 



