INSECTS AND ALLIES (ARTHROPODA) 



161 



Mallophaga 



Marshalls 22, Enewetak 16 — Collections from 11 avian 

 species were made on Enewetak (Elbel, personal communi- 

 cation), and at least 16 species of chewing lice are now 

 known from tfie atoll. These are mainly from collections 

 made by J. B. Bushman and coworkers, subsequently stud- 

 ied by R. E. Elbcl et al. Amerson and Emerson (1971) 

 reported most of the same species for the central South 

 Pacific. Earlier, Woodbury (1962) reported Actorni- 

 thophilus ceruleus (Timmerman) for Enewetak. Six addi- 

 tional chewing lice recorded for the Marshalls, but not 

 Enewetak, are included in the National Museum of Natural 

 History collection; Actornithophilus limosae Kellogg, 

 A. umbrinus Burmeister, Eidmanniella albescens Piaget, 

 Menopon gallinae Linnaeus, Thnoton querquedulae (Lin- 

 naeus), and Pectinop\^gus sulae (Rudow). Mallophaga are 

 coincident with their avian hosts, and all of the host spe- 

 cies sampled on Enewetak range beyond the Marshalls, 

 with most being widespread over parts of the Pacific. Thir- 

 teen of the 16 species listed for Enewetak are also 

 reported for Hawaii. 



Anoplura 



Marshalls 3, Enewetak — Two lice reported for the 

 Marshalls are cosmopolitan and associated with man: 

 Pediculus humanis (Linnaeus) and Pthirus pubis (Linnaeus). 

 Another species, Hophpleura pacifica Ewing, is associated 

 with Rattus and is widespread in the Pacific; it is also 

 reported for the Malayan subregion, Madagascar, Carib- 

 bean, and southeastern United States. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises six species which are mostly widespread and 

 coincident with their hosts; they are mostly associated with 

 man or domestic animals (Ferris, 1959; Wilson, 1972). 



Thysanoptera 



Marshalls 2, Enewetak 1 — These species are either 

 cosmopolitan, the Haplothrips we list for Enewetak, or 

 Oriental, Taeniothrips vitticorms (Karny); the latter is 

 reported for Kwajalein by Sugerman (1972a). Both are 

 also reported for Hawaii. Micronesian fauna remains 

 incompletely surveyed Kurosawa (1940) treated 14 

 species based largely on T. Esaki's collections; at that time 

 no thrips were reported for the Marshalls. 



Heteroptera 



Many of the larger families represented in Micronesia 

 have been studied. Among the groups remaining to be 

 reported upon are the aquatic and semiaquatic families 

 occurring in fresh water; however, they are probably 

 largely absent on isolated atolls. Families treated for 

 Micronesia but lacking records for the Marshalls include 

 Acanthosomidae (Ruckes, 1963), Enicocephalidac (Usinger 

 and Wygodzinsky, 1960), Neididae (Gross, 1963), Plataspi- 

 dae (Ruckes, 1963), Saldidae (Drake, 1961), and Tingidae 

 (Drake, 1956). As with this and most of the following 

 insect orders, each family represented in the Marshalls is 

 reviewed, and when there is a relevant treatise for the 

 group, the author is cited. 



Anthocoridae (Herring, 1967): Marshalls 3, Enewetak 

 1 — These arc species of Pacific or Ethiopian-New World 

 distribution, with one restricted to Micronesia. All three 

 are widespread in Micronesia. The Ph\;sopleurella we list 

 for Enewetak also occurs in Hawaii. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises 20 species, with about 70% endemism. 



Aradidae (Matsuda and Usinger, 1957): Marshalls 1, 

 Enewetak — Chiastoplonia pygmaea China, described 

 from Samoa, is also reported for Marshalls and Carolines. 

 Three species including the one reported for the Marshalls 

 also occur on Caroline atolls; all three are widespread in 

 Micronesia. Micronesian fauna comprises 40 species, with 

 endemism about 93%. 



Cimicidae (Usinger and Ferris, 1960): Marshalls 1, 

 Enewetak — The bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius), 

 is a tropicopolitan species generally distributed in 

 Micronesia. It is reported for the Marshalls but not for 

 Enewetak. 



Coreidae (Gross and Schaffner, 1963): Marshalls 3, 

 Enewetak 1 — These are species either endemic or of 

 Melanesian or cosmopolitan distribution. The endemic 

 species, Riptortus saileri Usinger, is known only from 

 Kwajalein. The Melanesian species, Leptocohs isolata (Dis- 

 tant), occurs throughout the Marshalls but is not reported 

 elsewhere in Micronesia. Micronesian fauna comprises 15 

 species, with about 13% endemism. 



Cydnidae (Ruckes, 1963): Marshalls 1, Enewetak 

 1 — Geotomus ptjgmaeus (Dallas) is a species of 

 Malayan-Oceanian distribution, including Hawaii. Only one 

 other species, from Guam, is reported for Micronesia. 



Gerridae (Cheng, 1977): Marshalls 2, Enewetak 

 2 — Two marine species were recently collected from 

 Enewetak. Halobates micans (Eschscholtz) is commonly 

 found on the open ocean; it is circumtropical in distribution 

 and is the only member of the genus also occurring in the 

 Atlantic. The Hermatobates remains unidentified; it is 

 apparently undescribed and of limited distribution in the 

 Pacific. 



Lygaeidae (Barber, 1958): Marshalls 7, Enewetak 

 4 — These species are restricted to Micronesia (3), or are 

 of Malayan-Melanesian (2), Indo-Australian-Pacific (1), or 

 Oriental-Pacific (1) distribution. Nysius picipes Usinger, 

 one of the species reported for Enewetak, is restricted to 

 atolls and low islands. The Pachybrachius is the only 

 species of four we list for Enewetak that is also reported 

 for Hawaii; it is mainly of Indo-Australian-Pacific distribu- 

 tion. Micronesian fauna comprises 43 species, with ende- 

 mism about 40%. 



Miridae (Carvalho, 1956; Schuh, 1984): Marshalls 7, 

 Enewetak 3 — These species are tropicopolitan (1), mainly 

 of Old World distribution (1), Oriental-Pacific (2), 

 Australia-Pacific (1), or limited to Oceania (2). Of the 

 Enewetak species, Camp\/lomma eniwetok Schuh is notable 

 because it is one of only three insects thus far reported as 

 endemic to the atoll (the other Enewetak endemics are 

 midges: Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae). Camptj- 

 lowma marshallensis Usinger is restricted to the Marshalls 

 and Gilberts, plus one record for Kanton, Phoenix Islands; 

 the Tngonosty/us we list is tropicopolitan. Micronesian 



