INSECTS AND ALLIES (ARTHROPODA) 



165 



of C jaluitana Kcmpny (1904). Chr^/sopa basalis Walker is 

 also reported for the Marshalls (Ailinglapalap). 



Trichoptera 



The Micronesian fauna is largely unsurveyed, although 

 a few species are known to occur In the Marianas and 

 Carolines, including remote Kosrae (Gressitt, 1954). 



Lepidoptera 



The Micronesian fauna is poorly studied, except the 

 Sphingidae and certain microlepidopteran families. Three 

 families that have been treated for Micronesia, but have 

 not been found as yet in the Marshalls, are Agonoxenidae 

 (Clarke, 1984), Chlidanotidae (Clarke, 1976), and Oeco- 

 phoridae (Clarke, 1984). 



Arctiidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak 1 — The Utetheisa we 

 list for Enewetak ranges through much of Micronesia and 

 the South Pacific (Schnee, 1904). An undetermined lithos- 

 sine is reported for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 1972a). 



Cosmopterygidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — An 

 undetermined Trissodorus is reported for the Marshalls but 

 without mention of Enewetak (Townes, 1946). This 

 species might be T. honorariella (Walshingham), a 

 Pandanus leaf perforator recorded from Sri Lanka and the 

 Pacific, including Hawaii. 



Danaidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — Danaus plexippus 

 (Linnaeus) is reported for the Marshalls (Jaluit) by Seitz 

 (1904); it is also reported by Townes (1946) but without 

 specific locality. This is a widespread North American 

 species, also occurring in Hawaii and elsewhere in the 

 Pacific, including Australia. 



Gclechiidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — Stoeberhinus 

 testaceus Butler, of Indonesian-Pacific distribution, 

 including Hawaii, is reported for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 

 1972a). 



Geometrldae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — An undeter- 

 mined Thalassodes is reported for Jaluit by Seitz (1904). A 

 number of species occur in the South Pacific. 



Hespcriidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak 1 — The Badamia 

 we list for Enewetak (Townes, 1946) is widely distributed 

 in the Pacific, including Hawaii (as a recent introduction); it 

 also occurs in the Oriental and Australian regions. 



Lycaenidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — The Lampides 

 reported by Sugerman (1979) is probably L. boeticus (Lin- 

 naeus), a blue butterfly distributed throughout the Old 

 World and Pacific, including Hawaii. 



Noctuidae (Fukushima, 1947, in part): Marshalls 13, 

 Enewetak 2 — These species are mostly widespread: 

 Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius), Mocis frugalis (Fabricius), 

 Nagia I'mteoh (Guenee), Plusia chalcites (Esper), Spodoptera 

 exempta (Walker), S. litura (Fabricius), and S. mauritia 

 (Boisduval) occur through warmer regions of the Old 

 World and extend into the Pacific; Achaea janata Linnaeus, 

 Anua coronata (Fabricius), Bocana manifestahs Walker, 



Calogramma festiua (Donovan), and P/atysenta i//ecta 

 (Walker) are Oriental or Indo-Australian-Pacific; and Nagia 

 hieratica Hampson is restricted to Micronesia. The last is 

 described from material taken in the Marshalls and Gilberts 

 and is also reported for the Carolines (Yap, Ponape). Of 

 the two Spodoptera we list for Enewetak, one (exempta) is 



common In Hawaii. 



Nymphalldae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak 2 — These 

 butterflies are Indo-Australian-Paciflc (Hi;pohmnas) or 

 Australian-Pacific (Precis) in distribution. The former, H. 

 bolina, exhibits much variation, and specimens from the 

 Marshalls have received the subspecific or infrasubspecific 

 names: inconsfans, jaluita. or pa//escens. Clark (1951) 

 treated the butterflies of the Marshalls. 



Olethreutidae (Clarke, 1976): Marshalls 3, Enewetak 

 — These species are either Oriental extending into the 

 Pacific and Indian Oceans (2) or are restricted to 

 Micronesia (1). Heleana p. physa/odes (Meyrick) and 

 Stratherotis leucaspis (Meyrick) belong to the first category. 

 The restricted species, Icelita monela Clarke, is reported 

 for the southern Marianas, Marshalls, and Gilberts. 

 Micronesian fauna comprises 58 species, with endemism 

 about 55%. 



Pyralidae: Marshalls 7, Enewetak — These are mostly 

 widespread species: Marasmia trapezalis Guenee occurs 

 throughout the world; H^imenia recurualis (Fabricius), 

 Nacoleia diemenalis Guenee, and Siingamia floridalis (Zeller) 

 are of Old World-Pacific distribution; Herpetogramma 

 licarsisalis (Walker) is Oriental; Piletocera signiferalis (Wal- 

 lengren) ranges from Australia to Polynesia (Marquesas); 

 and one is undetermined (Diaphania). The last Is a large 

 world-distributed genus of warmer regions. All of these 

 species are reported for Kwajalein by Sugerman (1972a, 

 1979). The Hi;rnenia appears to be the only one of the 

 above that is also reported for Hawaii. 



Sphingidae (Riotte, in preparation): Marshalls 4, 

 Enewetak 4 — We list all of these species for Enewetak; 

 they are either restricted to Oceania (1) or also occur on 

 continental islands or continents bordering the western 

 Pacific (3). The restricted one is Cephonodes armatus R. 

 and J. Micronesian fauna comprises 18 species, with none 

 endemic. All seem to have Old World affinities and many 

 tend to be widespread in the Eastern Hemisphere. 

 Although these insects are large-bodied, they are highly 

 vagile and are able to reach oceanic islands far from con- 

 tinents; this may help to explain the apparent absence of 

 endemic forms in Micronesia. 



Tineidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak — Decadarchis 

 simulans (Butler) and Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick) range 

 from Africa to Australia and Into the Pacific, including 

 Hawaii. Both are based on single records for the Marshalls 

 and are tentatively identified (Sugerman, 1972a, 1979). 



Tortricidae (Clarke, 1976): Marshalls 1, Enewetak 

 1 — Adoxophi;es faciculana (Walker) mainly ranges through 

 the Malayan and Melanesian subregions, with the only 

 records for Micronesia being from Kosrae and Enewetak. 

 Micronesian fauna comprises seven species, with endemism 

 about 86%. 



