166 



SAMUELSON AND NISHIDA 



Diptera 



While many of the families represented in Micronesia 

 have been surveyed, a few remain incompletely studied at 

 this time; these include the Asilidae, Cecidomyiidae, Doli- 

 chopodidae, Tachinidac, and various acalyptrate families. 

 Families monographed for Micronesia, but not represented 

 in the Marshalls, include the Asteiidae (Sabrosky, 1957), 

 Bibionidae (Hardy, 1956), Clusiidae (Steyskal and 

 Sasakawa, 1966), Coelopidae (Hardy, 1957), Empididae 

 (Quate, 1960), Mycetophilidae (Colless, 1966), Micropezi- 

 dae (Aczel, 1959), Nyctcribiidae (Theodor, 1966), Pipun- 

 culidae (Hardy, 1956), Scenopinidae (Hardy, 1958), 

 Simuliidae (Stone, 1964), Streblidae (Maa, 1966), and 

 Tabanidae (Stone, 1960). 



Agromyzidae (Spencer, 1963): Marshalls 2, Enewetak 

 2 — Species either ranging from Melanesia through 

 Indonesia to islands in the Indian Ocean (Ophiomi/ia) or 

 restricted to the Pacific, Australia, and Taiwan 

 (Pseudonapomxjza) . Both species are widely distributed in 

 Micronesia. Micronesian fauna comprises 19 species, with 

 endemism about 32%. Both species reported for the 

 Marshalls also occur in the Gilberts and Caroline atolls; 

 however, the Caroline atolls have three additional species 

 not recorded for the Marshalls; no additional species are 

 recorded for the Gilberts. 



Asilidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak — Two unidentified 

 species representing two genera (Clinopogon and 

 Stenopogon) axe reported for the Marshalls (Cole, 1951; 

 Sugerman, 1972a, 1972b). Both genera are represented in 

 the Oriental region. 



Calliphoridae (James, 1962): Marshalls 6, Enewetak 

 2 — These are mostly species of broad distribution, being 

 circumtropical (1), Holarctic and reaching many other 

 areas (1), IndoAustralian (2), ranging from Africa to the 

 Pacific (1), or Malayan-Pacific (1). The two species 

 reported for Enewetak are circumtropical [Phaenicia 

 cuprina (Wiedemann)] or IndoAustralian [Chrysom\;a 

 megacephala (Fabricius)]. All of the above are widespread 

 in Micronesia except the Holarctic Phaenicia sericata 

 (Meigen). Micronesian fauna comprises 11 species, with 

 endemism low at around 9% (one endemic species occurs 

 in the Bonins). The nonendemic fauna is at least partly 

 coincident with man in the Pacific. Over half of the 

 Micronesian fauna is represented in the Marshalls. All three 

 species reported on Caroline atolls and three of the four 

 species reported for the Gilberts also occur in the 

 Marshalls. 



Canaceidae (Wirth, 1951): Marshalls 2, Enewetak 

 1 — These are either endemic to the Marshalls (Nocticanace 

 marshallensis Wirth) or restricted to the Marshalls and 

 eastern Carolines (Kusaie) (Procanace townesi Wirth). The 

 latter is not yet reported for Enewetak. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises two species, with endemism 100%. 



Ceratopogonidae (Tokunaga and Murachi, 1959): 

 Marshalls 23, Enewetak 5 — These species are mostly con- 

 fined to Micronesia (19), including three endemic to the 

 Marshalls; four also occur on continental islands bordering 



Asia. Of the three endemics, Forcipomi;ia tuthiUi Tokunaga 

 is one of three of the only known insects restricted to 

 Enewetak Atoll at this time; Dasyhe/ea nigristigmata Toku- 

 naga and Murachi is restricted to Ailinglapalap and 

 Dasi/helea sp. No. 1 T. and M. is restricted to Arno. Two 

 species are limited to the eastern Carolines (Ponape or 

 Kosrae) and the Marshalls: Dasphelea flauibasalis Tokunaga 

 and D palliuittae Tokunaga. Micronesian fauna comprises 

 147 species, with endemism about 90%. Ten of the 16 

 species reported from Caroline atolls also occur in the 

 Marshalls, as do five of the nine Gilberts species, showing 

 that there is a fair correspondence of these midges on 

 Micronesian atolls. 



Chironomidae (Tokunaga, 1964): Marshalls 16, 

 Enewetak 5 — These species are mostly confined to 

 Micronesia, including two endemic to the Marshalls. Eight 

 occur beyond Micronesia and mostly range no farther than 

 the Malayan subregion, Japan, or Polynesia. Of the 

 Marshall Island endemics, Clunio tuthilli Tokunaga is re- 

 stricted to Enewetak, and Cricotopus sp. No. 1 Tokunaga 

 is restricted to Kwajalein. Clunio tuthilli is notable because, 

 thus far, it is one of only three known insects restricted to 

 Enewetak. Micronesian fauna comprises 100 species, with 

 endemism about 79%. Some species are marine. 



Chloropidae: Marshalls 3, Enewetak 2 — Two species 

 from Enewetak are among the Micronesian specimens 

 under study by C. W. Sabrosky; both are presumably 

 widespread, including Hawaii. Another chloropid, Eutropha 

 noctilux (Walker), is reported for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 

 1972a). 



Culicidae (Bohart, 1956): Marshalls 4, Enewetak 

 — These are mostly widespread through the tropics or 

 subtropics (2), of Australian-Malayan plus Melanesian dis- 

 tribution (1), or restricted to the eastern Carolines (Kos- 

 rae), Marshalls, and Gilberts (1). The last mentioned is 

 Aedes nnarshallensis Stone and Bohart. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises 47 species, with endemism about 64%. The 

 fauna of the Caroline atolls possesses 10 species, of which 

 only three are reported for the Marshalls; the two species 

 reported for the Gilberts also occur in the Marshalls. 



Dolichopodidae: Marshalls 5, Enewetak — Chr^/so- 

 soma compitcatum Becker and C. fraternum Van Duzee 

 are apparently restricted to Pacific islands, with the latter 

 described from Hawaii, while C. leucopogon (Wiedemann) 

 ranges from Africa through Asia into the Pacific. 

 Campsicnemus and Ci/matopus are each represented by an 

 unidentified species from the Marshalls. The former genus 

 contains numerous endemics in Hawaii. These species are 

 variously listed by Cole (1951) and Sugerman (1972a, 

 1972b, 1979). 



Drosophilidae (Wheeler and Takada, 1964): Marshalls 

 5, Enewetak — These species are cosmopolitan or tropi- 

 copolitan (2), Old World tropics (1), Australian- 

 Malayan-Pacific (1), or restricted to Micronesia (1). The 

 restricted species is endemic to the eastern Carolines 

 (Ponape, Kosrae) and the Marshalls. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises 70 species, with endemism about 59%. About 

 43% of all Micronesian species are restricted to single 



