INSECTS AND ALLIES (ARTHROPODA) 



167 



island groups. Only one species is endemic to atolls 

 (Kapingamarangi, eastern Carolines). Of the sjiecies 

 recorded from Caroline atolls, only two of the eight also 

 occur in the Marshalls, but both of the two Gilberts species 

 occur in the Marshalls. 



Ephydridae: Marshalls 5, Enewetak 5 — Five species 

 from Enewetak are among the Microncsian specimens 

 under study by Wirth. These species are fairly widespread 

 in the Pacific, and all occur at least on continental islands 

 of the western Pacific, including two also found in Aus- 

 tralia and one ranging west to India and the Seychelles. 



Hippoboscidae (Maa, 1966): Marshalls 3, Enewetak 

 1 — All are ectoparasites of birds; two are pantropical and 

 one, Ornithoica pusilla (Schiner), is restricted to the 

 Marshalls (Arno) and Polynesia (Tokelaus, Tuamotus). 

 Olfersia spinifera (Leach) has been recorded from 

 Enewetak and also leeward Hawaiian islands. Micronesian 

 fauna, six species, comprises two species parasitic on 

 marine birds, two generally parasitic on migratory land 

 birds, and two generally parasitic on breeding land birds. 

 The dispersal of hippoboscids is apparently keyed to the 

 migration routes of hosts. Maa mentioned two routes, 

 through Siberia to New Zealand via the Marianas and 

 through the Philippines into the Carolines via Palau. The 

 second is the more important for hippoboscids. The fauna 

 has Oriental affinities. 



Lauxaniidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak — Two unidenti- 

 fied species are reported for the Marshalls representing 

 Homoneura and possibly Prosopomt^ia (Cole, 1951; Suger- 

 man, 1972a, 1972b, 1979). The former has many species 

 in the Oriental region; the latter is Palearctic. 



Lonchaeidae: Marshalls 3, Enewetak — Lamprohn- 

 chaea aurea (Macquart) is reported for Bikini (Cole, 1951) 

 and L metatarsata (Kertesz) is reported for Kwajalein 

 (Sugerman, 1979). The former is of Mediterranean origin, 

 and the latter is of Malayan-Pacific distribution. An 

 undetermined Lonchaea is also reported for Kwajalein. 



Milichiidae: Marshalls 3, Enewetak 2 — The two species 

 we list for Enewetak are virtually cosmopolitan. A third 

 species, Desmometopa singaporensis Kertesz, reported 

 for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 1979), is Oriental-Pacific in 

 distribution. 



Muscidae (Snyder, 1965): Marshalls 8, Enewetak 

 3 — These are either widespread or cosmopolitan species 

 (4), those more or less restricted to the Pacific and con- 

 tinents and islands bordering the western Pacific (3), or 

 undetermined (1). The Enewetak muscids all belong to the 

 first category. An undetermined Lispe from Kwajalein, 

 listed by Sugerman (1979), is tentatively assigned to the 

 last category. Micronesian fauna comprises 84 species, 

 with endemism about 63%. Only one species, Athehgona 

 tobi Snyder, is restricted to atolls or low islands. Seven 

 Marshalls muscids occur on Caroline atolls, which have 16 

 species reported. All three of the Gilberts species also 

 occur in the Marshalls. 



Neriidae (Aczel, 1959): Marshalls 1, Enewetak 

 — Te/osfy/inus longicoxa (Thomson) is widespread in 

 Micronesia. Micronesian fauna comprises four species, with 



endemism 100%; three are of limited distribution in 

 Micronesia, being endemic to Palau, Yap, or Palau and 

 western Caroline atolls. 



Otitidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — Pseudeuxesta 

 prima (Osten Sacken), reported for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 

 1972a), is Indonesian-Pacific in distribution, including 

 Hawaii. 



Phoridae (Beyer, 1967); Marshalls 4, Enewetak 

 2 — These species are either restricted to Micronesia (2) or 

 nearly cosmopolitan (both Enewetak records). One of the 

 restricted species occurs only in the eastern Carolines 

 (Ponape, Kosrae) and the Marshalls. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises 25 species, with endemism about 64%. Most of 

 the extra-Micronesian species are either widespread or 

 Malayan-Pacific in distribution, but two species range no 

 farther than Hawaii. 



Platystomatidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak — Scholastes 

 carolinensis Enderlcin, reported for Kwajalein and Lib, is 

 possibly restricted to the Carolines and Marshalls, while 

 Plagiostenoptehna aenea (Wiedemann), reported for 

 Kwajalein, is Indo-Australian (Sugerman, 1972a, 1972b). 



Psychodidae (Quate, 1959): Marshalls 2, Enewetak 

 — These are species also reaching Melanesia or Polynesia 

 (Hawaii). Microncsian fauna comprises 34 species, with 

 about 71% endemism. 



Sarcophagidae (de Souza Lopes, 1958, 1963): 

 Marshalls 5, Enewetak 3 — These are species widespread 

 in Micronesia and that also occur in Hawaii (1), Malayan 

 subregion (2), or continents and islands bordering the 

 western Pacific basin (1) or are species of nearly worldwide 

 distribution (1). Micronesian fauna comprises 14 species, 

 with about 36% endemism. Correspondence of species on 

 atolls is fairly uniform, with four of five species reported 

 for the Gilberts also occurring in the Marshalls. 



Scatopsidae (Hardy, 1956): Marshalls 2, Enewetak 

 1 — The Enewetak record is new, a specimen questionably 

 determined as Holoplagia guamensis (Johannsen) by W. W. 

 Wirth. Holoplagia guamensis is otherwise distributed in the 

 Marianas (Guam) and Carolines, including atolls, and also 

 Hawaii, the only non-Micronesian locality. The other 

 species reaching the Marshalls, but not Enewetak, is 

 Swammerdamella albimana Edwards; it also occurs in Fiji 

 and Samoa. Micronesian fauna comprises six species of 

 which one is endemic to the Carolines, three are 

 Micronesian-Hawaiian, one also occurs in Melanesia- 

 Polynesia, and one is cosmopolitan. 



Sciaridae (Steffan, 1969): Marshalls 7, Enewetak 

 3 — Two of these species are endemic to the Marshalls, 

 two are not widely distributed in Micronesia but also occur 

 in Hawaii, two also occur in the Oriental region, and one 

 is nearly cosmopolitan. Of the endemics, Scvthropochroa 

 trispinosa Steffan is restricted to Kwajalein and Plastosciara 

 jaluitensis Steffan is restricted to Jaluit. Micronesian fauna 

 comprises 22 species, with endemism about 77%, but 

 some species may have broader distribution than presently 

 indicated. The fauna apparently has Oriental and jxjssibly 

 Papuan affinities. 



