168 



SAMUELSON AND NISHIDA 



Sphaeroceridae (Richards, 1963): Marshalls 4, 

 Enewetak — These are species restricted to Micronesia 

 (2), or otherwise occurring in the Malayan subregion (1), or 

 cosmopolitan (1). Micronesian fauna comprises 21 species, 

 with endemism about 38%. The single species reported for 

 Caroline atolls, as well as the two species reported for the 

 Gilberts, also occurs in the Marshalls. 



Stratiomyidae (James, 1962): Marshalls 4, Enewetak 

 1 — These are either island species restricted to Micronesia 

 (1), those occurring also in Melanesia and islands of the 

 Indian Ocean (2), or widespread species of the tropics and 

 subtropics (1). The restricted species, Cephalochri/sa 

 ruguhsa James, occurs in the eastern Carolines (Ponape, 

 Kosrae) and the Marshalls. The widespread species, 

 Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus), occurring in all warm regions, 

 is of American origin. Micronesian fauna comprises 24 

 species, with endemism about 63%. The three species 

 occurring on Caroline atolls and the two occurring in the 

 Gilberts are also found in the Marshalls, making the atoll 

 stratiomyid fauna fairly uniform. 



Syrphidae (Shiraki, 1963): Marshalls 3, Enewetak 

 1 — The Ischiodon we list for Enewetak is a widespread 

 Indo- Australian species occurring all over Micronesia. Also 

 reported for the Marshalls are Si>ritta orientalis Macquart, 

 ranging through southern Asia into the Pacific, and 

 Ehstalis calliphoroides Shiraki, restricted to the Carolines 

 and Marshalls. Micronesian fauna comprises 27 species, 

 with endemism about 70%. 



Tachinidae: Marshalls 2, Enewetak — The Nearctic 

 Lespesia archippiuora (Riley) probably reached Kwajalein 

 via Hawaii. An unidentified Exorista. also reported for 

 Kwajalein, belongs to a genus well represented in the Old 

 World. Both species are reported by Sugerman (1972a). 



Tephritidae (Hardy and Adachi, 1956): Marshalls 3, 

 Enewetak — These species are circumtropical [Diox\;na 

 sororcula (Wiedemann)], ranging from Africa through Asia 

 into Australia and the Pacific (Spathulina acroleuca 

 Schiner), or Malayan-Pacific in distribution {Dacus 

 frauenfeldi Schiner). Of these, only D. sororcula is reported 

 for Hawaii. 



Tethinidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — Dasi;rhicnoessa 

 insularis (Aldrich), described from Hawaii, is reported for 

 Lib Island (Sugerman, 1972b). 



Tipulidae (Alexander, 1972): Marshalls 9, Enewetak 

 1 — Excepting the circumtropical Limonia umbrata (de 

 Meijere), all of these species arc confined to the Pacific, 

 with most restricted to Micronesia; two are endemic to the 

 Marshalls. The most widely distributed of the preceding, 

 Stt^ringom\/ia did\^ma Grimshaw, ranging from New Guinea 

 to the Tuamotus and northward in the Pacific, was 

 described from Hawaii. The two endemic species are 

 Limonia beards/eyi Alexander from Namu, Kili, and 

 Namorik and L. sentifera Alexander from Namu and Arno. 

 Micronesian fauna comprises 71 species, with endemism 

 about 72%. One of the species from the Marshalls also 

 occurs on Caroline atolls for which five species are 

 reported, including two that are more or less endemic (one 

 may also occur on Ponape). The three species reported for 

 the Gilberts also occur in the Marshalls. 



Siphonaptera 



(Hopkins, 1961): Marshalls 1, Enewetak 0— Only 

 Ctenocephalides f. felis (Bouche), the cat flea, is reported 

 thus far for the Marshalls but not Enewetak. Micronesian 

 fauna comprises six species that are mostly cosmopolitan 

 species associated with man, domestic mammals (particu- 

 larly Carnivora), and rats. One species, a bat flea, is found 

 mainly in the Oriental region and reaches Japan and 

 apparently Guam (a single record). 



Hymenoptera 



The Micronesian fauna is partly studied but remains 

 poorly surveyed in general. Groups that are especially in 

 need of study include the Braconidae, Formicidae, and 

 many families of Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea. Fami- 

 lies essentially monographed for Micronesia but not 

 reported for the Marshalls include Colletidae (Krombein, 

 1950), Encyrtidae (Yoshimoto and Ishii, 1965), Halictidae 

 (Krombein, 1950), Mymaridae (Doutt, 1955), Scoliidae 

 (Krombein, 1949, 1950), Stephanidae (Townes, 1958), 

 and Trichogrammatidae (Doutt, 1955). 



Anthophoridae (Krombein, 1950, in part): Marshalls 1, 

 Enewetak 1 — X\jlocopa sonorina Smith is a carpenter bee 

 of Oriental affinities introduced to Hawaii and elsewhere in 

 the Pacific. Micronesian fauna comprises six species, 

 including two of Ceratina endemic to the Marianas or 

 Carolines. 



Bethylidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — An unidentified 

 Scleroderma is reported for Kwajalein (Sugerman, 1972a). 

 The genus is widespread and occurs in Hawaii. 



Braconidae: Marshalls 4, Enewetak 1 — Four genera 

 are known for the Marshalls, and all are single records with 

 none of the species identified (Cole, 1951; Sugerman, 

 1972a, 1979; Townes, 1946). They are Chelonus. 

 Macrocentrus. Microplitis, and Zele. Only the last is 

 reported for Enewetak. All are widespread genera whose 

 species parasitize Lepidoptera. Chelonus and Macrocentrus 

 are known from Hawaii. Watanabe (1945) studied the 

 Esaki collections from the Carolines and Marianas, includ- 

 ing three endemic species of Chelonus and two of 

 Macrocentrus. 



Chalcidae: Marshalls 1, Enewetak — An unidentified 

 species, possibly Chalcis, is reported for Jaluit (Schnee, 

 1904). 



Cynipidae: Eucoilinae (Yoshimoto, 1962): Marshalls 3, 

 Enewetak — These species, all in Pseudeucoila, are either 

 restricted to Micronesia (2) or also occur in Samoa and 

 Hawaii (1). Micronesian fauna comprises 13 species, with 

 endemism about 77%. Two other species of Pseudeucoila 

 reported for Caroline atolls are known from high islands in 

 the Carolines and elsewhere but are not among those 

 reported for the Marshalls. 



Eucharidae (Watanabe, 1958): Marshalls 1, Enewetak 

 — A single species, Parachalcura maculata Watanabe, is 

 restricted to the Marshalls and Caroline atolls. Micronesian 

 fauna comprises nine species, with all species endemic. 



Eulophidae (Yoshimoto and Ishii, 1965): Marshalls 5, 

 Enewetak 1 — These are species either restricted to 



