HOLOTHURIANS 265 



KEY TO SPECIES 



1. Body sausage-shaped; podia present, as pedicels (tube feet) and papillae; body wall sometimes thick 

 and muscular, not sticky to touch; spicules tables, rods or plates, never anchors, anchor plates, or 



wheels 2 



Body worm like; podia absent; body wall thin, usually sticky to touch; spicules anchors, anchor plates, 



and wheels 20 



2. Tentacles dendritic (richly branched); pedicels in double rows along each ambulacrum; spicules in body 

 wall large knobbed, lenticular, perforated plates and smooth, perforated plates and rods (Fig. 3a); 

 color uniformly deep violet, almost black in life, gray-brown in alcohol; body length up to 7 cm (Fig. 



6a) Afrocucumis africana (Semper) 



Tentacles peltate or peltato-digitate (leaf-shajsed); p)odia usually clearly differentiated into ventral F>edi- 



cels and dorsal papillae 3 



3. Gonads in two tufts, one on either side of dorsal mesentery; body stout, flattened ventrally into dis- 

 tinct sole, squarish in cross section or arched dorsally, with large dorsal and lateral papiDae; among 



spicules either C-shaped rods or dichotomously branched rods 4 



Gonads in single tuft to left of dorsal mesentery; body either cylindrical or arched dorsally and flat- 

 tened into sole ventrally, with numerous, small, dorsal papillae; spicules tables, flat buttons, and/or 

 branched rods, never C-shapcd rods 9 



4. Spicules in body wall minute grains and slender, dichotomously branched rods (Fig. If) 5 

 Spicules tables, C- or S-shaped rods, perforated rods and, in some forms, rosettes 6 



5. Dorsal papillae united into groups of two to eight, the largest groups forming stellate figures; color of 

 specimens at Enewetak yellowish red, reddish brown, or light brown; in some sf)ecimens, transverse 



reddish black lines between dorsal papillae; body length up to 70 cm (Fig. 5c) Thelenota ananas (Jaeger) 



Dorsal surface with numerous small and some large papillae, several papillae often joined basally but 



not forming stellate figures; color light gray or yellowish gray with spots of tan, brown, or red and, in 



some specimens, a broken network of reddish black between large p>apillae; body length up to 72.5 



cm (Fig. 5a, b) Thelenota anax H. L. Clark 



6. Rosettes absent or, at most, very rare; tables small with small disk; no large tack-like tables (Fig. Id); 

 dorsal papillae limited to ambulacra; color in life usually uniformly very dark green except dorsal 

 papillae tipped with orange or scarlet; at Enewetak, some specimens dark olive to blue-black; body 



length up to about 30 cm (Fig. 5d) Stichopus chloronotus Brandt 



Rosettes common; tack-like tables present or absent 7 



7. In the papillae, large robust tables with conical, usually single-pointed spire and large disk with 

 numerous perforations (Fig. Ic); color dark olive green mottled with deep brownish green in life, dull 



ocher in alcohol; body length up to about 16 cm (Fig. 5e) Stichopus horrens Selenka 



No large tack-like tables in papillae 8 



8. Tables (in specimen examined) small, 35 to 42 ^m high and wide; C- and S-shaped spicules 35 to 55 

 urn long, rosettes 19 to 46 jum long (Fig. la); color of specimen examined uniformly dark brown, 

 almost black; colors reported in literature either variegated white or gray with brown and yellow, 

 some specimens showing tinges of pink, lavender, or red, or uniformly dark or light brown; body 



length commonly 30 to 40 cm but apparently reaching more than 100 cm Stichopus ?uariegatus Semp)er 



Tables (in specimen examined) 39 to 70 ^m high, 39 to 62 ^m across disk; C-shap>ed spicules up to 

 70 ^m long; rosettes to 54 ^m long (Fig. lb); color mottled brown and orange-yellow dorsally, uni- 

 formly dirty orange-yellow ventrally; body length 4.6 cm (Fig. 5f) Stichopus ?variegatus juvenile 



9. Body wall with dichotomously branched X-shaped spicules (rosettes) and rods, never tables 10 

 Tables always among spicules 12 



10. No large calcified anal teeth but five groups of anal papillae; spicules laterally smooth rods and 



rosettes (Fig. 3b); color brown-gray with golden brown or black-ringed darker blotches; body length up 



to about 30 cm (Fig. 6c) Bohadschia argus Jaeger 



Anus surrounded by five conspicuous, calcified teeth 11 



(Key to Species conttnued on page 267.) 



