316 



RANDALL AND RANDALL 



Island, Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs, and Norfolk Island 

 combined have about 12% endcmism (Randall, 1976). 

 Randall (1978a) made an approximation of 10% endemism 

 for the fishes of the Marquesas. For the Marshall Islands 

 the Type 3 endemism, based on species which have been 

 named, is less than 1%. This figure will rise slightly when 

 some new species currently known only from the Marshalls 

 arc described. However, when there has been a compa- 

 rable collecting effort in the Central Pacific, and in particu- 

 lar the Gilbert Islands and eastern Caroline Islands (which 

 lie near the Marshalls and include atolls), it is expected 



that most of the species now regarded as endemic to the 

 Marshall Islands will be found elsewhere. 



In addition to publications on the classification of fishes 

 from the atoll, there has been a variety of nonsystematic 

 studies dealing with the Enewetak ichthyofauna. Table 2 

 summarizes these and gives the references and taxa 

 involved. 



The three plates (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) of underwater pho- 

 tographs of fishes herein were taken by the senior author 

 in the Marshall Islands. 



Plates 1-3 



Fig. 1 a. The gray reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos 

 (Bleeker), one of the three most abundant sharks at 

 Enewetak; responsible for four attacks on man at the atoll; 



b, Gtfmnothorax javanicus (Bleeker), the largest moray of the 

 Indo-Pacific region; attains a length of at least 2 m; 



c, Poeciloconger fasciatus Giinther; known from only five 

 specimens. This one emerged from the sand from the effect of 

 ichthyocide at Enewetak; d. The squirrelfish Sargocentron 

 microstoma (Giinther). Photograph taken at night; e, The 



soldierfish Myripristis bemdti Jordan and Evermann being 

 "cleaned" by the wrasse Labroides pectoralis Randeill and 

 Springer; f. The grouper Epinephelus microdon (Bleeker) 

 being cleaned by the wrasse Labroides dimidiatus (Valenci- 

 ennes); g. The bright violet and yellow Anthias bartlettorum 

 Randall and Lubbock, named in honor of Nathan and Patricia 

 Bartlett who discovered it at Kwajalein; h. The red snapper 



Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal). Photograph taken at night. ^ 



Page 317 



Fig. 2 a, A school of the fusilier Casio caerulaureus 

 Lacepede from the Kwajalein lagoon. This photo was the 

 basis for the first Marshall Islands record; b. The nocturnal 

 lethrinid fish Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskal); has well- 

 developed molariform for crushing mollusks, echinoids, etc; 

 c. The black jack, Caranx lugubris Poey. Circumtropical in 

 distribution; d. The goatfish Parupeneus barberinoides 

 (Bleeker). Recent collections provided the first record for the 

 Marshall Islands; e. The colorful damselfish Pomacentrus 



pavo (Bloch). Blue in life with yellow on the caudal fin; f. The 

 anemonefish Amphiprion chrysoptenis Cuvier. Like others of 

 the genus, it lives symblotically with sea anemones; g. The 

 wrasse Labropsis micronesica Randall. Enewetak is the type- 

 locality. Adults feed on coral polyps; h. The terminal male of 

 wrasse HaUchoeres trimacuiatus (Quoy and Gaimard). A com- 

 mon lagoon species in sand and rubble areas around coral 



heads. *" 



Page 318 



Fig. 3 a, A group of the butterflyfish Heniochus chryso- 

 stomus Cuvier. Usually seen in pairs or small aggregations; 

 b. The yellow angelfish Centropx/ge heraldi Woods and 

 Schultz; named for the late Earl S. Herald, who collected most 

 of the type specimens in the Marshall Islands in 1946; c. The 

 goby Amblyeleotris guttata (Fowler) and its symbiotic partner 

 Alpheus ochrostiatus Miya. The shrimp is just removing a 

 load of sand and gravel from the burrow; d. The colorful 

 goby Nemateleotris helfrichi Randall and Allen, named for 

 Philip Helfrich, the last director of the Mid-Pacific Research 



Laboratory at Enewetak; e. The surgeonfish Acanthunia nigri- 

 cans Linnaeus, distinctive in the white spot under the eye and 

 yellow band at the base of the dorsal and anal fins; f, The 

 filefish Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch and Schneider); 

 blue-green with orange spots. Feeds on coral polyps; g. The 

 female of the triggerfish Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Ben- 

 nett); generally found at depths greater than 30 m; h. The 

 clown triggerfish Bafistoides conspicillum (Bloch and 

 Schneider). Often identified as B. niger (Bonnaterre), but this 



name is a homonym, hence invalid. ►- 



Page 319 



