VI.] VOYAGES OF THE EUSSIANS AND NORWEGIANS. 205 



on actual observations of the natural conditions of Novaya 

 Zemlya and the Kara Sea. Of these voyages, mainly made by 

 Eussians and Scandinavians, I shall give an account in the next 

 chapter. It was these that prepared the way for the success 

 which we at last achieved. 



CHAPTER VT. 



The North-oast Voyages of the Russians and Norwegians — Rodivan 

 Ivanov, 1690— the great Northern Expedition, 1734-37— The sup- 

 posed richness in metals of Novaya Zemlya — Juschkov, 1757 — Savva 

 Loschkin, 1760— Eossmuislov, 1768— Lasarev, 1819— Liitke, 1821-24— 

 Ivanov, 1822-28— Pachtussov, 1832-35- Von Baer, 1837— Zivolka and 

 Moissejev, 1838-39— Von Krusenstern, 1860-62— The Origin and His- 

 .tory of the Polar Sea Hunting— Carlsen, 1868— Ed. Johannesen, 1869- 

 70--Ulve, Mack, and Quale, 1870— Mack, 1871— Discovery of the 

 Relics of Barents' wintering — Tobiesen's wintering, 1872-73 — The 

 Swedish Expeditions, 1875 and 1876 — Wiggins, 1876 — Later Voyages 

 to and from the Yenisej. 



From what I have stated above it follows that the coast 

 population of North Russia carried on an active navigation on 

 the Polar Sea long before the English and the Dutch, and that 

 commercial expeditions were often undertaken from the White 

 Sea and the Petchora to the Ob and the Yenisej, sometimes 

 wholly by sea round Yalmal, but most frequently partly by sea and 

 partly by land transport over that peninsula. In the latter case 

 the Russians went to work in the following way ; they first sailed 

 through Yugor Straits, and over the southern part of the Kara 

 Sea to the mouth of the Mutnaja, a river debouching on Yalmal ; 

 they then rowed or towed the boats up the river and over two 

 lakes to a ridge about 350 metres broad, which forms the 

 watershed on Yalmal between the rivers running west and those 

 running east ; over this ridge the boats and the goods were 

 dragged to another lake, Selennoe, from which they were finally 

 carried down the River Selennaja to the Gulf of Obi.^ 



These and similar accounts were collected with great difficulty, 

 and not without danger, by the Muscovy Company's envoys ; but 



1 Compare : " The names of the places that the Russes sayle by, from 

 Pechorskoie Zauorot to Mongozey " {Purrhas, iii. p. 539) : "The voyage of 

 Master Josias Logan to Pechora, and his wintering there with Master 

 William Pursglove and Marmaduke Wilson, Anno 1611 " {loc. cit. p. 541) : 

 " Extracts taken out of two letters of Josias Logan from Pechora, to Master 

 Hakluyt, Prebend of Westminster" {he. cit. p. 546) : "Other obseruations 

 of the sayd William Pursglove " {loc. cit. p. 550). The last paper contains 

 good information regarding the Obi, Tas, Yenisej, Pjasina, Chatanga, 

 and Lena. 



